Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

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'''Al-Azhar University''' ({{lang-ar|الأزهر الشريف}}; ''{{ISOtranslit|Al-ʾAzhar al-Šarīf}}'', "the Noble Azhar"), is an [[Egypt]]ian institution of higher learning. It is connected to Al-Azhar [[mosque]] in Old [[Cairo]]. Al-Azhar (in Arabic: the most flourished and shining) was so called either because it was surrounded by great glittering places,{{Fact|date=August 2007}} or as a hopeful disposition, or after the name of Sayeda Fatima Al-Zahra', daughter of the Prophet Mohammed. The mosque was built in two years from 969 AD, the year in which its foundation was laid. The [[Madrasah]] connected with it was founded in 988 AD. Studies began in Al-Azhar in Ramadan by October 975 AD, when Chief Justice Abul Hasan Ali ibn Al-No'man started teaching the book "Al-Ikhtisar", on the Shiite [[jurisprudence]]. "After Saladin expelled the Fatimids in 1171, the university's scholars began to act as guardians of an orthodox interpretation of Sunni Islam."<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2368121 Al-Azhar, Egyptian Islam and the War in Iraq]</ref> It is one of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest operating]] [[university|universities]] in the world.
'''Al-Azhar University''' ({{lang-ar|الأزهر الشريف}}; ''{{ISOtranslit|Al-ʾAzhar al-Šarīf}}'', "the Noble Azhar"), is an [[Egypt]]ian institution of higher learning. It is connected to Al-Azhar [[mosque]] in Old [[Cairo]]. Al-Azhar (in Arabic: the most flourished and shining) was so called either because it was surrounded by great glittering places,{{Fact|date=August 2007}} or as a hopeful disposition, or after the name of Sayeda Fatima Al-Zahra', daughter of the Prophet Mohammed. The mosque was built in two years from 969 AD, the year in which its foundation was laid. The [[Madrasah]] connected with it was founded in 988 AD. Studies began in Al-Azhar in Ramadan by October 975 AD, when Chief Justice Abul Hasan Ali ibn Al-No'man started teaching the book "Al-Ikhtisar", on the Shiite [[jurisprudence]]. It became a [[Sunni]] school when [[Saladin]] restored Sunni Islam in Egypt<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/museum/museum4.html Objects and knowledge in Egypt 4th-19th centuries AD]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-46851/al-Azhar-University Britannica article]</ref><ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2368121 Al-Azhar, Egyptian Islam and the War in Iraq]</ref><ref>[http://www.juancole.com/2005/07/friedman-wrong-about-muslims-again-and.html from juancole.com]</ref><ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_762507619/university_of_al-azhar.html Encarta article]</ref>. It is one of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest operating]] [[university|universities]] in the world.


Al-Azhar University was initially founded as a ''Jami'ah'' ("university" in Arabic) which issued [[academic degree]]s,<ref name=Alatas/> and had individual [[Faculty (university)|faculties]]<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations|first=Hugh|last=Goddard|year=2000|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=074861009X|page=99}}</ref> for a [[Madrasah]] and theological [[seminary]], [[Sharia|Islamic law]] and [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], [[Arabic grammar]], [[Islamic astronomy]], [[early Islamic philosophy]] and [[logic in Islamic philosophy]].<ref name=Alatas>{{citation|title=From Ja¯mi`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue|first=Syed Farid|last=Alatas|journal=Current Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=112-32}}</ref>
Al-Azhar University was initially founded as a ''Jami'ah'' ("university" in Arabic) which issued [[academic degree]]s,<ref name=Alatas/> and had individual [[Faculty (university)|faculties]]<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations|first=Hugh|last=Goddard|year=2000|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=074861009X|page=99}}</ref> for a [[Madrasah]] and theological [[seminary]], [[Sharia|Islamic law]] and [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], [[Arabic grammar]], [[Islamic astronomy]], [[early Islamic philosophy]] and [[logic in Islamic philosophy]].<ref name=Alatas>{{citation|title=From Ja¯mi`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue|first=Syed Farid|last=Alatas|journal=Current Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=112-32}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:24, 30 May 2008

For the university of the same name in Gaza, see Al-Azhar University - Gaza.
Al-Azhar University
'الأزهر الشريف
[Al-ʾAzhar al-Šarīf] Error: {{Transliteration}}: missing language / script code (help)
Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo Egypt
TypePublic, Islamic
Established975 AD
AffiliationSunni, Formerly Shiite
SheikhMuhammad Sayyid Tantawy
Location
Cairo
,
Egypt
CampusUrban

Al-Azhar University (Arabic: الأزهر الشريف; [Al-ʾAzhar al-Šarīf] Error: {{Transliteration}}: missing language / script code (help), "the Noble Azhar"), is an Egyptian institution of higher learning. It is connected to Al-Azhar mosque in Old Cairo. Al-Azhar (in Arabic: the most flourished and shining) was so called either because it was surrounded by great glittering places,[citation needed] or as a hopeful disposition, or after the name of Sayeda Fatima Al-Zahra', daughter of the Prophet Mohammed. The mosque was built in two years from 969 AD, the year in which its foundation was laid. The Madrasah connected with it was founded in 988 AD. Studies began in Al-Azhar in Ramadan by October 975 AD, when Chief Justice Abul Hasan Ali ibn Al-No'man started teaching the book "Al-Ikhtisar", on the Shiite jurisprudence. It became a Sunni school when Saladin restored Sunni Islam in Egypt[1][2][3][4][5]. It is one of the oldest operating universities in the world.

Al-Azhar University was initially founded as a Jami'ah ("university" in Arabic) which issued academic degrees,[6] and had individual faculties[7] for a Madrasah and theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy.[6]

Reputation

Among the university's stated objectives is the propagation of Islamic religion and culture and the Arabic language (the language of the Qur'an.) To that end, it maintains a committee of ulemas (Islamic scholars) to judge on individual Islamic questions, a printing establishment for printing the Qur'an, and training (government-appointed) preachers in spreading da'wa.

Politics

Al-Azhar is run by a Supreme Council headed by a Grand Imam, known as "Sheikh Al-Azhar", which decides on matters pertaining to general policy. Unlike most universities, it maintains a sectarian admissions policy and does not admit students who are not practicing Islam,[citation needed] thus it combines the institutions of a Madrassah and theological seminary, with those of the faculties established in 1961.

In 1961, Al-Azhar was re-organized by the Nasser Government and several secular faculties were added to the university, such as medicine, engineering and agriculture. An Islamic women's faculty was also added 6 years after Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah in 1955 became the first woman to speak at the university.[citation needed]

Literature

Al-Azhar library, which was consolidated in 1897, is considered second in range, variety and importance only to the Egyptian National Library and Archives in Cairo. It comprises 99,062 books consisting of 595,668 volumes of Islamic manuscripts and rare books, some dating back to the 8th century.[citation needed] The library is a center of attraction[citation needed] to researchers, students and other Islamic universities. The library does not collect non-Islamic literature.[citation needed]

Since 1929, Al-Azhar has published a magazine (now monthly) whose stated purpose is to advertise religious rules, subjects related to Islamic literature, and basic jurisprudence (shariah), including sections on history, biographies, translated texts and news concerning the Muslim world.

In 2005, the Al Azhar online document archive was launched[citation needed]. This is a joint venture between the university and the HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum IT Education Project (ITEP) in Dubai.[citation needed] The archive intends to eventually give access to all 42,000 manuscripts (c. 7 million pages) in Al Azhar library.

Response to negative press

Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, the current Imam of Al-Azhar, has declared that the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks and suicide bombers are "heretics" who are not following the true path of Islam.[citation needed] In a recent conference in Indonesia, he asked all "true believers" to deny proponents of extremist and heretical forms of Islam places to speak in the mosque, thus preventing the spread of violent ideologies.

Ali Gomaa', the Egyptian Mufti associated with Al Azhar, has also declared that insurgents who kidnap and kill civilians in Iraq are the ones which Islam has authorized to thwart and eradicate since they wreak havoc on Earth.[citation needed]

Shaykh Tantawy has mentioned that among the priorities of Muslims are "to master all knowledge of the world and the hereafter, not least the technology of modern weapons to strengthen and defend the community and faith". He adds that "mastery over modern weaponry is important to prepare for any eventuality or prejudices of the others, although Islam is a religion of peace."[8].

Shaykh Tantawy also re-asserts a tenet common to many religious leaders, that his is the best faith to follow, and of the duty of active da'wa; while reinforcing the difference between the non-Muslims living apart from Muslims and who are not enemies of Islam ("Muslims are allowed to undertake exchanges of interests with these non-Muslims so long as these ties do not tarnish the image of the faith"), and "the non-Muslims who live in the same country as the Muslims in cooperation and on friendly terms, and are not enemies of the faith" ("in this case, their rights and responsibilities are the same as the Muslims so long as they do not become enemies of Islam").

Concerns regarding freedom of speech

In October 2007, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, the current Imam of Al-Azhar, drew allegations of stifling freedom of speech when he asked the Egyptian government to toughen its rules and punishments against journalists. During a Friday sermon in the presence of Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif and a number of ministers, Tantawy is purported to have stated that journalism which contributes to the spread of false rumours rather than true news deserves to be boycotted, and that it is tantamount to sinning for readers to purchase such newspapers. Tantawy, a supporter of the Hosni Mubarak regime, also called for a punishment of eighty lashes to "those who spread rumors" in an indictment of speculation by journalists over Mubarak's ill health and possible death.[9][10]

This is not the first time that Tantawy has criticized the honesty of the Egyptian press regarding its news coverage nor is it the first time he in return has been accused by the press of opposing freedom of speech. During a religious celebration in the same month, Tantawy released comments alluding to "the arrogant and pretenders who accuse others with the ugliest vice and unsubstantiated charges". In response, Egypt's press union issued a statement suggesting that Tantawy appeared to be involved in inciting and escalating a campaign against journalists and freedom of the press.[11]

Notable persons associated with the university

Al-Azhar University has had a huge impact on the religious, cultural and political arena in Egypt, the Middle East, and the whole Islamic world (see the list of notable persons below). Numerous persons of note have graduated from the university including Taha Hussein, one of the pre-eminent Arab intellectuals and writers, and a leader in the twentieth century modernist movement in Egypt. Saad Zaghlul, former Egyptian prime minister and leading political figure in the first half of the same century especially against the British occupation of Egypt, was also an alumnus of Al-Azhar. Before them was Muhammad Abduh, founder of Islamic Modernism and respected Islamic scholar, and Ahmed Orabi who was the first Egyptian army officer and the leader of the Urabi Revolt. The list of notable alumni also includes Hassan-i Sabbah, founder of the Assassins in the 11th century. Recent times have seen Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood and purported mastermind behind the assassination of Egyptian prime minister Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi in 1948 [citation needed], graduate from the university. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the founder of Hamas, was also an alumnus.

Before 1800

1800 - early 1900s

1910-1950s

1950-

See also

References

  1. ^ Objects and knowledge in Egypt 4th-19th centuries AD
  2. ^ Britannica article
  3. ^ Al-Azhar, Egyptian Islam and the War in Iraq
  4. ^ from juancole.com
  5. ^ Encarta article
  6. ^ a b Alatas, Syed Farid, "From Ja¯mi`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Current Sociology, 54 (1): 112–32
  7. ^ Goddard, Hugh (2000), A History of Christian-Muslim Relations, Edinburgh University Press, p. 99, ISBN 074861009X
  8. ^ "The Grand Imams of Al-Azhar". Retrieved 2006-06-24.
  9. ^ allheadlinenews.com
  10. ^ aljazeera.net(Arabic Online)
  11. ^ International Herald Tribune
  12. ^ Hala Fawzy (2004-01-10). "His Excellency Ambassador Wu Sike interviewed by the Egyptian Gazette". Egyptian Gazette. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  13. ^ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p. 102
  14. ^ Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul - MSN Encarta

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Azhar_University&diff=prev&oldid=216004103