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==History==
==History==
The Abhiras is Yaduvanshi Tribe of Indo-Aryan Origin mentioned as followers of Bhagwat sect of Hindu Religion by Panini,Chanakya and Patanjali.
The Abhiras appear to have been one of the immigrant tribes from [[Central Asia]] who entered India shortly before or about the commencement of the [[Christian era]]. In the [[Purana]]s and the [[Mahabharat]]a they are spoken of as Dasyus and [[Mlecchas]] or foreigners and their location was on the river [[Saraswati]] and the Panchanada([[Punjab]]) region.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=5RiUTYfiJMrWrQfh3JnzCw&ct=result&id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=Puranic+Abhiras</ref><ref>Janapada state in ancient India-page-80</ref>
An inscription of the [[Saka]] era 102. or A.D 180, speaks of the grant made by the senapati or commander in chief of the state, who is called an Abhira,the locality being [[Sunda]] in [[Kathiawar]].Another inscription found in [[Nasik]] and assigned by Mr. Enthoven to the fourth century speaks of an an Abhira king, and the Puranas say that after the Andhrabhrityas the [[Deccan]] was held by the Abhiras, the west coast tract from the [[Tapti]] to [[Deogarh]] being called by their name.<ref>Elloit, supplemental Glossary,s.v. Ahir</ref>In the time of Samudragupta in the middle of the fourth century the Abhias were settled in Eastern [[Rajputana]] and [[Malwa]].<ref>Early history of India,3rd ed. p.286</ref> When the [[Kathi]]s arrived in [[Gujarat]] in the eighth century, they found the greater part of the country in the possession of the Ahirs.<ref>Elliot,ididem</ref> In the Mirzapur District of the United Provinces a tract known as Ahraura is considered to be named after the trive; and near [[Jhansi]] another piece of the country is called Ahirwar.<ref>Bombay Monograph on Ahir</ref> Elliot states that Ahirs were [[Raja]]s of [[Nepal]] about the Commencement of our era.<ref>Elliot ibidem</ref> The fort of [[Asirgarh]] in Nimar bordering [[Khandesh]] is supposed to have been found by one [[Asa Ahir]], who lived in the beginning of the fifteenth century.
An inscription of the [[Saka]] era 102. or A.D 180, speaks of the grant made by the senapati or commander in chief of the state, who is called an Abhira,the locality being [[Sunda]] in [[Kathiawar]].Another inscription found in [[Nasik]] and assigned by Mr. Enthoven to the fourth century speaks of an an Abhira king, and the Puranas say that after the Andhrabhrityas the [[Deccan]] was held by the Abhiras, the west coast tract from the [[Tapti]] to [[Deogarh]] being called by their name.<ref>Elloit, supplemental Glossary,s.v. Ahir</ref>In the time of Samudragupta in the middle of the fourth century the Abhias were settled in Eastern [[Rajputana]] and [[Malwa]].<ref>Early history of India,3rd ed. p.286</ref> When the [[Kathi]]s arrived in [[Gujarat]] in the eighth century, they found the greater part of the country in the possession of the Ahirs.<ref>Elliot,ididem</ref> In the Mirzapur District of the United Provinces a tract known as Ahraura is considered to be named after the trive; and near [[Jhansi]] another piece of the country is called Ahirwar.<ref>Bombay Monograph on Ahir</ref> Elliot states that Ahirs were [[Raja]]s of [[Nepal]] about the Commencement of our era.<ref>Elliot ibidem</ref> The fort of [[Asirgarh]] in Nimar bordering [[Khandesh]] is supposed to have been found by one [[Asa Ahir]], who lived in the beginning of the fifteenth century.
{{See also|Category:Chhatis Rajkul}}
{{See also|Category:Chhatis Rajkul}}




===Opinion of Historians===
===Opinion of British===
The [[British Raj|British]] Rulers of India classified the Ahirs amongst the "[[martial races]]"<ref>{{cite book|author=Rajit K. Mazumder|title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8G8COTxOUkgC&pg=PA105|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788178240596|pages=105–}}</ref> It was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle, and to possess qualities like courage,physical strength, fighting tenacity and military strategy.In 1898, the British raised four Ahir companies,two of which were in 95th Russel Infantry.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. S. A. Rao|title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=1 May 1979|publisher=Macmillan}}</ref> According to historians like Crooke and Risley Ahirs of [[Mathura]] and [[Rajputana]] are characterized by tall stature, light brown complexion and finer features.<ref>{{cite book|author=Padma Shri S.S. Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian tribes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mcDMGwprQ4oC&pg=PA77|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=1997|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn=9788170418368|pages=77–}}</ref>
[[File:Yueh-ChihMigrations.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Ancient migration route of Yue-chi entering India]]

According to Dr. Bhau Daji, these [[Yue-Chi]] appear to have been the Abhira.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?id=U1gIAAAAQAAJ&q=abhira+afghanistan&dq=abhira+afghanistan&hl=en&ei=jR6UTcjAMYqqrAek_LnoCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgU</ref><ref>The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial industrial, and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures, Volume 3 Edward Balfour---page-556</ref>
The Ahirs may be seen to have continued their warrior tradition by their extensive participation in the [[Indian Army]] and [[police]] forces.<ref>[http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=389 Eyre and Spottiswoode, ''Report on the Census of British India taken on the 17th February 1881'', London, p. 326]</ref> Since ancient time, as per Mahabharata, Ahirs(Abhiras) have been warriors; some were agriculturists and farmers.They are a subcaste of [[Dhangar]] and are not only found in the Kaatch (Kutch) area of western Gujarat, but also in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Nepal.<ref name="english.ohmynews.com"/> In Maharashtra, Ahirs comprise a subgroup of the Dhangar caste system of [[India]].Their role The Ahir community are present in large numbers in [[Terai]], the plains that lie in the southern part of Nepal.<ref name="english.ohmynews.com">[http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=272865&rel_no=1 Nepal Before Unification]</ref>
Reginald Edward Enthoven believes that Abhiras might have entered India from [[Afganistan]].<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA23&dq=abhira++punjab&hl=en&ei=mxKUTbX0FcTirAenipn9Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=abhira%20%20punjab&f=false</ref><ref>The tribes and castes of Bombay, Volume 1 By Reginald Edward Enthoven</ref><ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA32&dq= </ref><ref>abhira+afghanistan&hl=en&ei=yhWUTbHfGo_MrQfwpZH9Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=abhira%20afghanistan&f=false</ref>Indo-Greek king [[Agathocles]] found at [[Ai-Khanoum]] in Afghanistan depict Krishna and [[Balarama]].<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA438&dq=abhira+afghanistan&hl=en&ei=yhWUTbHfGo_MrQfwpZH9Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=snippet&q=Indo-Greek%20king%20Agathocles%20%20abhira&f=false</ref><ref>A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the ... By Upinder Singh</ref>The pastoral setting of the stories about Krishna's childhood may have originated in legends of a god worshipped by the Abhira tribe.However Hugh Nevill
says that it is probable the Abhoras on being removed from [[Mesopotamia]],<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=5RiUTYfiJMrWrQfh3JnzCw&ct=result&id=41MIAAAAQAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=abhiras</ref> across the river,may have called themselves Abhira,as we know they did so in [[Scinde]]; while the branch in Afganistan are spoked of in the [[Assyrian]] inscription as of "''the land of Abhiruz''".<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?id=41MIAAAAQAAJ&q=abhira+afghanistan&dq=abhira+afghanistan&hl=en&ei=5RiUTYfiJMrWrQfh3JnzCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBjgK</ref><ref>Oriental studies, Part 1-page-57</ref>Ramaprasad Chanda author of "''The Indo-Aryan races''" says that the Abhiras from whom the [[Gujaratis]] of our day have evidently sprung, were [[Aryan]] in speech and belonnged to the Indo-Afgan stock.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=5RiUTYfiJMrWrQfh3JnzCw&ct=result&id=h-bkVF3kXGQC&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=Indo-Afghan+stock</ref><ref>The Indo-Aryan races: a study of the origin of Indo-Aryan people and institutions-page-55</ref>The Puranic Abhiras, have occupied the territories of [[Herat]], which is probably a survival of their name, as they are invariably juxtaposed with the Kalatoyakas and Haritas — the peoples of Afghanistan.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=5RiUTYfiJMrWrQfh3JnzCw&ct=result&id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=peoples+of+Afghanistan</ref>
Journal of the Department of Pali believes that the Abhiras came to India from some part of eastern [[Iran]].<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=_yKUTZGqMsTUrQfT1qyBDA&ct=result&id=Rl7YAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=+abhiras</ref>Skanda Purāṇa also puts Abhiras as one of the tribes of Afganistan.<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=4yOUTcUPibSsB7Pm9P8L&ct=result&id=_5QBAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+afghanistan&q=abhiras</ref><ref>Studies in Skanda Purāṇa, Volume 1-page-100</ref>


===Origin===
===Origin===

Revision as of 13:49, 6 April 2011

The name Ahir is derived from Abhira, a tribe mentioned several times in inscriptions and the Hindu sacred books.[1]

History

The Abhiras is Yaduvanshi Tribe of Indo-Aryan Origin mentioned as followers of Bhagwat sect of Hindu Religion by Panini,Chanakya and Patanjali. An inscription of the Saka era 102. or A.D 180, speaks of the grant made by the senapati or commander in chief of the state, who is called an Abhira,the locality being Sunda in Kathiawar.Another inscription found in Nasik and assigned by Mr. Enthoven to the fourth century speaks of an an Abhira king, and the Puranas say that after the Andhrabhrityas the Deccan was held by the Abhiras, the west coast tract from the Tapti to Deogarh being called by their name.[2]In the time of Samudragupta in the middle of the fourth century the Abhias were settled in Eastern Rajputana and Malwa.[3] When the Kathis arrived in Gujarat in the eighth century, they found the greater part of the country in the possession of the Ahirs.[4] In the Mirzapur District of the United Provinces a tract known as Ahraura is considered to be named after the trive; and near Jhansi another piece of the country is called Ahirwar.[5] Elliot states that Ahirs were Rajas of Nepal about the Commencement of our era.[6] The fort of Asirgarh in Nimar bordering Khandesh is supposed to have been found by one Asa Ahir, who lived in the beginning of the fifteenth century.

See also: Category:Chhatis Rajkul


Opinion of British

The British Rulers of India classified the Ahirs amongst the "martial races"[7] It was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle, and to possess qualities like courage,physical strength, fighting tenacity and military strategy.In 1898, the British raised four Ahir companies,two of which were in 95th Russel Infantry.[8] According to historians like Crooke and Risley Ahirs of Mathura and Rajputana are characterized by tall stature, light brown complexion and finer features.[9]

The Ahirs may be seen to have continued their warrior tradition by their extensive participation in the Indian Army and police forces.[10] Since ancient time, as per Mahabharata, Ahirs(Abhiras) have been warriors; some were agriculturists and farmers.They are a subcaste of Dhangar and are not only found in the Kaatch (Kutch) area of western Gujarat, but also in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, Nepal.[11] In Maharashtra, Ahirs comprise a subgroup of the Dhangar caste system of India.Their role The Ahir community are present in large numbers in Terai, the plains that lie in the southern part of Nepal.[11]

Origin

Asirgarh Fort was made by King Asa Ahir in Madhya Pradesh

The origin of the Ahir is controversial, with various scholars claiming different origins. Sir William Wilson Hunter propounded the Scythic Origin view by directly deriving Ahir from Ahi, which means snake in Sanskrit, and saying that snake worship compounded by other cultural facts, suggests scythic origin. However, J. C. Nesfield refutes it by saying that snake worship is not peculiar to scythics but a common practice all over India, and he also argues that it is absurd to derive Ahir from ahi, a Sanskrit word, when the original name of the community is Abhira, and Ahir its Prakrit corruption. He is of the view that Ahirs have purely Aryan origin. One study in Deccan Ahirs have found out existence of Totemistic septs, which is regarded as a sure sign of being Non-Aryan, seconded by existence of a sect called Romabans, which is the regular corruption of word romak, frequently found in Sanskrit works on astronomy, and identified by Prof. Weber to be the town Alexandria in Egypt, from where the science of astronomy was cultivated and from whom people of India borrowed the concepts of astronomy. It is argued that foreign hordes from Romak might have settled in India, and incorporated into Ahirs.[12] Sanskrit scholars in India however, have demurred this suggestion. Bhagwan Singh Suryavanshi, in his research, claims archaeological research in Deccan has revealed the presence of pastoral people of Neolithic era, who shares many attributes of Abhira. Hence, Abhira might have been present much earlier than what has been postulated so far. Finally he concludes, they spread from Indus to mathura, and migrated southward and eastward.[13] He also claims that similarity of culture and common belief that they are descendant of Lord Krishna, is the proof that they sprang from a common source. According to a theory advanced by A. P. Karmakar, Abhiras were a Proto Dravidian tribe, derived from Dravidian Ayir,[14] which means cowherd, he further argues, Aitareva Brahmin refers to Vasah, as the name of people, which in vedic literature means cow.

Finally, he concludes from Padma Purana, where Vishnu informed Abhiras, "I shall be born among you, O Abhiras, at Mathura in my eighth birth". D. R. Bhandarkar, supports the non-aryan origin theory, by directly relating Krishna, to Rig Veda's "Krishna Drapsah", where he fights Aryan God Indra. Added to this Karmakar, shows Harivamsa says Yadu was born of Harynasva and Madhumati, who was the daughter of Madhu. Madhu says all the territory of Mathura belongs to Abhiras.[14] Further, Mahabharata describes Abhira as forming one of the seven republics, Samsaptak Gunas, and as a friend of Matsyas, a pre vedic tribe.[14]

Abhira jatis

The Abhiras split into both varna and jati categories; there were Abhira brahmins,[15][16][17][18][19] Abhira kshatriyas,[20][21][22][23][24] Abhira vaisyas ,[25][26] Abhira carpentars and Goldsmiths.[27] For example Baradas Abhiras are of Rajput origin. They derive their name from acting as priests of Abhira.[28][29][30][31]

Languages

Certain dialects called after the Abhiars still remain.One, known as Ahirwati, is still spoken in the Rohtak and Gurgaon Districts and around Delhi.This is akin to Mewati, one of the forms of Rajasthani or the language of Rajputana.[32][33]Malwi dialect of Rajasthani is also known as Ahirani;[34] and that curious form of Gujarati, which is half a Bhil dialect, and is generally known as Khandeshi, also bears the name of Ahirani.The above linguistic facts seem to prove only that the Abhiars, or their occupational successors, the Ahirs, were strongly settled in the Delhi country,Malwa and Khandesh.Ahirs of Gujarat still retain a dialect of their own, and concludes that and the other Ahir dialects are the remains of the distinct Abhira language.

Links with Yadava

See also: Yaduvanshi Ahirs, Category:Chhatis Rajkul, and Rajput clans

Besides scriptural evidences, historical and semi-historical evidence is available for equating Ahirs with Yadav. The term Ahir comes from Abhira (Bhandarkar, 1911;16), who where once found in different parts of India, and who in several places wielded political power. Ancient Sanskrit classic, Amarkosa, calls gwal, gopa and ballabh to be the synonym of Abhira.A Chudasama prince styled Ra Graharipu and Ruling at Vanthali near Junagarh described in the Dyashraya kavya of Hemachandra, describes him both as a Abhira and a Yadav.[35] Further, in their Bardic traditions as well as in popular stories Chudasmas are still called Ahir Ranas.[36] Again, many remains of Khandesh (historical stronghold of abhiras) are popularly believed to be of Gawli Raj, which archaeologically belongs to the Yadvas of Devgiri.[37] Hence, it is concluded that Yadavas of Devagiri were actually Abhiras. Portuguese Travellers account refers to Vijaynagar Emperors as Kannada Golla (Abhira). First historically traceable Yadav Dynasty are Trikuta, who were Abhira.

Moreover, there are sufficient number of clans within Ahirs, who trace their lineage from Yadu and Lord Krishna, some of which are mentioned in Mahabharata as Yadav Clans. James Tod demonstrated that Ahirs were included into the list of 36 royal races of Rajasthan (Tod, 1829, Vol.1, p. 69 ii,p. 358).[38][39]

Commenting on this Bhandarkar says, Krishna is the Hinduised form of Jesus Christ, whose teachings Abhira have brought from outside, at the beginning of Christian Era, because Krishna is called Christo near Weastern Coast, and Dalliance element in Krishna's life is inspired from traditions of Abhira tribe.

Ghurye, contradicts this by saying Abhira as a tribe is mentioned in the works of Patanjali, dated 150 BC, by most conservative sources, so they definitely haven't entered at the beginning of the Christian era and possibly their presence goes very far into antiquity. Also, proofs of Extra Marital relationships exists within genealogy of Yadus so it is wrong to say Abhira are the source of Dlliance element, and he fails to see the difference between Abhira and the tribe of Krishna.

However, Smith has raised two questions on this synthesis by above scholars. First, If Abhira are Yadavs then why Mahabharata mentions them having abducted wives and children of Krishna and second, why Abhira kings names are after Shiva and not Vishnu till as late as 800AD, who is a rival god.

Dr. J.N. Singh Yadav and MSA Rao has contradicted Smith by saying, Those Abhira who abducted Krishna's Wives and Children might be Yadavs who were supporters of Duryodhna, and they also shows there is no rivalry between Shiva and Krishna.Mahabharta says that those Abhiras who looted Arjuna were the supporters of the Kauravas.[40][41]

According to Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) the Gopas, whom Krishna had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the Yadavas themselves, who were also the Abhiras [42][43]

Hari Singh Bhati on closer inspection of the site of abduction near Indraprastha, as described in Mahabharata, along with Dr. Budh Prakash's identification of Haryana likely to be the post Mahabharata settlement, Abhirayana, of those Abhira, finds concentration of Yaduvanshi Ahirs in that area and says, all Yadvas post Mahabharata were descendants of those Abhira and abducted Vrisni women, hence they are both Abhira and Yadava.

P.A. Karmakar, shows in Padma Purana, Vishnu informs Abhira, saying, "O Abira, I'll be born among you in my eighth incarnation", and concludes Abhira and Yadava is same.

Abhira and Arjuna fight

Abhiras are mentioned as warriors in support of Duryodhana.[44][45]The Gopas, whom Krishna had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the Yadavas themselves, who were also the Abhiras.[46] Ramayana refers to Abhiras as Ugradarshana — Mlecchas and dasyus.[47][48] The Abhiras also have been described as Vratas. Pnaini mentions these Vratas as robbers. The Abhiras are said to have looted the train of Arjuna, the Pandava, when he was returning from Dwaraka being accompanied by some of the members of "Sri Krsna's family after the death of the latter.Abhiras are said to have waylaid Arjuna and deprived him of his treasure and beautiful women somewhere in Punjab.[49]Abhiras who looted Arjuna were the supporters of the Kauravas, and in the Mahabharata,[50] Abhir, Gopa, Gopal [51] and Yadavas are all synonyms.[52][53][54]They defeated the hero of Mahabharatha war,and did spare him when he disclosed the identity of the memebers of the family of Sri Krishna.[55]

Abhiras in Deccan

From 203 to 270 the Abhiras ruled over the whole of deccan as a paramount power.In deccan Abhiras were the immediate sucessors of the Satavahanas.[56][57]

Rule of Konkan

Abhira king Isvarasena of Nasik Inscription XV. was one of the Abhira conquerors of the Andhras who took from them to west Deccan.A migration of Abhiras from Ptolemy's Abiria in Upper Sindh through Sindh by sea to the Konkan and then to Nasik.[58][59]Abhira rule started about 203 A.D. following the end of Yajnasri Satakarni's reign and Abhira Isvarasena's accession took place in Saka 151 or 229 A.D.Sakasena was the first abhira king.His inscriptions from Konkan and coins from Andhra Pradesh suggest that he ruled over the major part of the warstwhile Satavahana empire,It followed that Abhira Shivadatta founded the Abhira kingdom after Yajnasri in the Nasik-Konkan area.[60][61]Indradutta Traikutaka was probably the viceroy of the Abhiras in the Western Coastal regin of their kingdom assumed sovereignity at the end of Vasusena region .

Rule of Gujarat

Abhiras lived in the desert;but later they gradually pushed towards the south,In the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D.;Aberia or the abhira country lay not far from Saurastra.[62]Abiria of Abhira country was ruled over by western Kshatrapas to Saka rulers of western India,who seem to have held sway over the whole realm of Indo-Scythians of the Greek reographer Ptolomy (cf.E.I.VIII pp.36.ff). It is the south-eastern portion of Gujarat near the mouth of the river Narmada.According to some scholors,it is the Abiria of the Greeks.

It was lying to the east of the Indus above the insular portion formed by its bifurcation Abiria is Ophir (Mc Crindle.Ancient India as described by Ptolomy.pp.139-140). Later epigraphic evidences places the Abhira country in the west but the Puranas seem to locate it in the north.(Vide Law; Stu. Pt. IV.p.56)

According to Mahabharatha (II ch.31) the abhiras lived near the seashore and on the bank of the Saraswati,a river near Somnath in Gujarat.[63]

Abhiras of Rajputana

The Abhiras were a strong and powerful people with well-built bodies [64][65] and originally lived in the desert.[66]Mahabharata (IX, 37, 1) locates the Abhiras in western Rajputana where the river Sarasvati disappears.[67][68] and north eastern Sind.[69] In Samudragupta's time (c. AD 350) the Abhiras lived in Rajputana and Malava on the western frontier of the Gupta empire.[70][71] Historian Dineshchandra Sircar thinks of Abiravan between Herat[72] and Kandahar which may have been the original home of the Abhiras.[73][74] Their occupation of Rajasthan also at later date is evident from the Jodhpur [75]inscription of Samvat 918, that the Abhira people of the area were a terror to their neighbours,because of their voilent demeanour.[76][77]Abhiras of Rajputana were sturdy and regarded as Mlecchas, and carried on anti Brahmancial activities.As a result, life and property became unsafe.[78]Pargiter points to the Pauranic tradition that the Yadavas, while retreating northwards after the Kurukshetra war from their western home in Dwarka and Gujarat, were attacked and broken up by the rude Abhiras of Rajasthan.[79]

At Osian (about 52 kilometres north-west of Jodhpur) many temples with fine sculptures attract a visitor. Two sculptures particularly attract the visitors — one depicts a daughter of the Abhiras with her charming poise and attractive body.[80][81]

The Abhiras did not stop in Rajasthan; some of their clans moved south and west reaching Saurastra and Maharastra and taking service under the Satavahanas and the Kshatrapas.[82][83]Also founded a kingdom in the northern part of the Maratha country, and an inscription of the ninth year of the Abhira King Ishwarsena.[84][85][86]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India-page-21
  2. ^ Elloit, supplemental Glossary,s.v. Ahir
  3. ^ Early history of India,3rd ed. p.286
  4. ^ Elliot,ididem
  5. ^ Bombay Monograph on Ahir
  6. ^ Elliot ibidem
  7. ^ Rajit K. Mazumder (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 105–. ISBN 9788178240596. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  8. ^ M. S. A. Rao (1 May 1979). Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India. Macmillan. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  9. ^ Padma Shri S.S. Shashi (1997). Encyclopaedia of Indian tribes. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 77–. ISBN 9788170418368. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  10. ^ Eyre and Spottiswoode, Report on the Census of British India taken on the 17th February 1881, London, p. 326
  11. ^ a b Nepal Before Unification
  12. ^ The tribes and castes of Bombay, Volume 1 By Reginald Edward Enthoven, Page no. 27
  13. ^ Bhagwan singh Suryavanshi, Abhira their history & culture (MS University Archaeology, & Ancient History Series, No.6)xvi, 119pp., Maharaja Siyajirao, university of Baroda, 1962
  14. ^ a b c Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya (1 January 1996). Krishna-cult in Indian art. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 126–. ISBN 9788175330016. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  15. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=d4FuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abhira+brahmins&dq=Abhira+brahmins&hl=en&ei=6dySTcTOAoSkcdzy4IkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBzgK
  16. ^ Pages of the forgotten past-page-54
  17. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=e9ySTZf2BY-lcdrDsYkH&ct=result&id=iyraAAAAMAAJ&dq=Abhira+brahmins&q=Abhira+
  18. ^ Brahmin women
  19. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=p7ve-MVA5WYC&pg=PA5&dq=Abhira+brahmins&hl=en&ei=6dySTcTOAoSkcdzy4IkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false
  20. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AmVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abhira+ksatriyas&dq=Abhira+ksatriyas&hl=en&ei=lt2STc6CDJT6cJCNpYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA
  21. ^ The making of early medieval India
  22. ^ Inscriptions of ancient Nepal, Volume 1 By D. R. Regmi
  23. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0wmIy2aOQfsC&pg=PA103&dq=Abhira+ksatriyas&hl=en&ei=lt2STc6CDJT6cJCNpYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Abhira%20ksatriyas&f=false
  24. ^ Social life in ancient India: studies in Vātsyāyāna's Kāma Sūtra By Haran Chandra Chakladar
  25. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=mB4LAQAAMAAJ&q=Abhira+vaisyas&dq=Abhira+vaisyas&hl=en&ei=XN6STaTbHsikcaWFwYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCA
  26. ^ Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi era, Part 1
  27. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=R42RTdGaNIPfcZmirIkH&ct=result&id=WIAiAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhiras+of+rajasthan&q=abhira
  28. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA465&dq=Baradas+Abhiras+are+of+Rajput+origin&hl=en&ei=BoyRTdbmHIS8cILBtYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Baradas%20Abhiras%20are%20of%20Rajput%20origin&f=false
  29. ^ Gujarat, Volume 1 By Rash Bihari Lal, Anthropological Survey of India
  30. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xM8-AQAAIAAJ&q=Baradas+Abhiras+are+of+Rajput+origin&dq=Baradas+Abhiras+are+of+Rajput+origin&hl=en&ei=BoyRTdbmHIS8cILBtYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ
  31. ^ People of India, Volume 22, Part 1--page-465
  32. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=P3s5AQAAIAAJ&q=abhiras+of+rajasthan&dq=abhiras+of+rajasthan&hl=en&ei=O4yRTbLvE87IcePXsYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgyThe
  33. ^ The Indo-Asian culture, Volume 8
  34. ^ Linguistic Survey of India,vol. ix. part ii.p.50
  35. ^ Books.google.com
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  38. ^ See Ahirs
  39. ^ Population geography: a journal of the Association of Population ..., Volume 10 By Association of population Geographers of India, page no 2
  40. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=Bw-UTYyNJcWrrAe-pNDyCw&ct=result&id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+arjuna&q=Abhir%2C+Gopa%2C+Gopal+and+Yadavas+are+all+synonyms
  41. ^ Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India
  42. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=6eCSTaeTGs7Bcd3cpIkH&ct=result&id=CGMqAQAAIAAJ&dq=Abhira+supported+Duryodhana&q=arjuna%27s+side
  43. ^ Man in India, Volumes 54-55
  44. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Aqo4AAAAIAAJ&q=Abhira+warriors&dq=Abhira+warriors&hl=en&ei=GOCSTZrdIdOVccjXrIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK
  45. ^ Man in India, Volume 54-page-39
  46. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=6eCSTaeTGs7Bcd3cpIkH&ct=result&id=CGMqAQAAIAAJ&dq=Abhira+supported+Duryodhana&q=Gopas%2C+whom+Krishna
  47. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=l3CRTbmtLZGKuAP69cSNAQ&ct=result&id=oFHRAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhiras+looted+arjuna&q=abhiras
  48. ^ Ethnic history of Gujarat
  49. ^ Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India
  50. ^ Ancient Nepal
  51. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=gomRTZaNF9C9cY2_oIkH&ct=result&id=WrAwAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhiras+of+rajasthan&q=The+Abhiras+and+Gopalas+are+synonymous
  52. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&pg=PA3&dq=great+abhiras&hl=en&ei=3ymQTeabHImmcKyBvY0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=great%20abhiras&f=false
  53. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras+looted+arjuna&dq=abhiras+looted+arjuna&hl=en&ei=l3CRTbmtLZGKuAP69cSNAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
  54. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=uG2RTb3xCYXQcZeeuUA&ct=result&id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhira+yadav&q=Kauravas
  55. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=l3CRTbmtLZGKuAP69cSNAQ&ct=result&id=QJNHAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhiras+looted+arjuna&q=looted+the+train+of+Arjuna%2C
  56. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sk1mAAAAMAAJ&q=abhira+kings&dq=abhira+kings&hl=en&ei=yF6VTbCbNMLmrAfA99j9Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
  57. ^ The journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Volume 53
  58. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=uG2RTb3xCYXQcZeeuUA&ct=result&id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&dq=abhira+yadav&q=abhira
  59. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1
  60. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Me53AAAAIAAJ&q=great+abhiras&dq=great+abhiras&hl=en&ei=3ymQTeabHImmcKyBvY0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg
  61. ^ Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Volumes 50-51-page-187
  62. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA32&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=a32RTc6oJca3cPzUrIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20&f=falseThe
  63. ^ Encyclopaedia of ancient Indian geography By Subodh Kapoor--page-2
  64. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA113&dq=Abhiras+in+mahabharata+war&hl=en&ei=ieeSTb6UBsOlcIWsqYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Abhiras&f=false
  65. ^ Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1 By Gaṅgā Rām Garg
  66. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA32&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=a32RTc6oJca3cPzUrIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20&f=falseThe
  67. ^ Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Anant Sadashiv Altekar
  68. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&pg=PA3&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=nnuRTc76F5GWcbOqsYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20rajputana&f=false
  69. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=5oiRTf1jxqpx6OPM_Ac&ct=result&id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhiras+of+rajasthan&q=north+eastern+Sind+
  70. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=BznWnPT5aYcC&pg=PA276&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=nnuRTc76F5GWcbOqsYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20rajputana&f=false
  71. ^ The royal Gurjars: their contribution to India By Nau Nihal Singh
  72. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA87&dq=abhiras+of+jodhpur&hl=en&ei=G4CRTcWbLImHcf--qIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20jodhpur&f=false
  73. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA32&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=a32RTc6oJca3cPzUrIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20rajputana&f=false
  74. ^ Studies in the geography of ancient and medieval India By Dineshchandra Sircar
  75. ^ E.I;Vol.IX,p.280.
  76. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA87&dq=abhiras+of+jodhpur&hl=en&ei=G4CRTcWbLImHcf--qIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20jodhpur&f=false
  77. ^ A political history of the imperial Guptas: from Gupta to Skandagupta By Tej Ram Sharma
  78. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=TIORTYr1GsyccZW5tYkH&ct=result&id=FQx5a48dzlYC&dq=abhiras+of+jodhpur&q=abhiras+
  79. ^ Ancient cities and towns of Rajasthan: a study of culture and civilization
  80. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=YISRTfmfFMPXcdnCtYkH&ct=result&id=gXstAAAAMAAJ&dq=abhiras+of+jodhpur&q=abhiras
  81. ^ Rajasthan
  82. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=gomRTZaNF9C9cY2_oIkH&ct=result&id=W1tJAAAAIAAJ&dq=abhiras+of+rajasthan&q=Satavahanas+and+the+Ksatrapas%5D
  83. ^ Haryana: studies in history and culture-page-44
  84. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC&pg=PA10&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=nnuRTc76F5GWcbOqsYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20rajputana&f=false
  85. ^ Krishna-cult in Indian art By Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya
  86. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&pg=PA143&dq=abhiras+of+rajputana&hl=en&ei=nnuRTc76F5GWcbOqsYkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=abhiras%20of%20rajputana&f=false
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhira_tribe&diff=422693911&oldid=422687481