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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2020.

Plants

Sponges

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Endostoma stellata^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Eoghanospongia^[3]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Botting et al.	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A hexactinellid sponge. Genus includes new species E. carlinslowpensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eudea maxima^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Iniquispongia^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is I. iranica.
Polyendostoma? irregularis^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Polyendostoma? regularis^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Preperonidella tabasensis^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Seriespongia^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Esfandiar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is S. iranica.
Shouzhispongia^[4]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	In press	Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A rossellid sponge. Genus includes S. coronata and S. prodigia.
Spongia mantelli^[5]	Nom. nov	Valid	Van Soest, Hooper & Butler	Cretaceous		United Kingdom	A replacement name for Spongia ramosa Mantell (1822).

Cnidarians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Actinoseris riyadhensis^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Asteroseris arabica^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bowanophyllum ramosum^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Percival & Zhen	Ordovician (Katian)	Malachis Hill	Australia	A rugose coral.
Colligophyllum^[8]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. The type species is "Lytvophyllum" dobroljubovae Vassilyuk (1960).
Cunnolites (Plesiocunnolites) riyadhensis^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Galliconularia^[9]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Van Iten & Lefebvre	Ordovician (Tremadocian)	Saint-Chinian	France	A member of Conulariida. The type species is "Conularia" azaisi Thoral (1935).
Hanagyroia^[10]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cambrian	Kuanchuanpu	China	A medusozoan of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly representing an intermediate morphological type between scyphozoans and cubozoans. Genus includes new species H. orientalis.
Hemiagetiolites longiseptatus^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Percival & Zhen	Ordovician (Katian)	Malachis Hill	Australia	A tabulate coral.
Heteroamphiastrea^[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kołodziej	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)		Tanzania	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae. Genus includes new species H. loeseri.
Heterostrotion huaqiaoense^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer et al.	Early Carboniferous		China	A rugose coral
Krynkaphyllum^[8]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. The type species is K. multiplexum; genus also includes K. validum.
Neosyringaxon michelini^[13]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weyer & Rohart	Devonian (Frasnian)		France	A rugose coral belonging to the family Petraiidae
Paramixogonaria wangyouensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao & Liang	Devonian (Givetian)	Wenglai	China	A rugose coral.
Protokionophyllum feninoense^[8]	Sp. nov	In press	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral.
Sanidophyllum dubium^[15]	Sp. nov	In press	Yu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Mia Le	Vietnam	A rugose coral.
Siphonophyllia khenifrense^[16]	Sp. nov		Rodríguez, Said & Somerville in Rodríguez et al.	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Azrou-Khenifra	Morocco	A rugose coral belonging to the family Cyathopsidae
Stylostrotion houi^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer et al.	Carboniferous (Viséan)		China	A rugose coral

Arthropods

Bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Anastomopora blankenheimensis^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Devonian		Germany
Anastomopora minor^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Devonian		Germany
Anomalotoechus parvus^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Bahrami & Parast	Devonian (Famennian)	Bahram	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Atactotoechidae.
Biforicula collinsi^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Gault	United Kingdom
Cheethamia volgaensis^[20]	Sp. nov	In press	Koromyslova & Seltser	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Russia ( Saratov Oblast)	A member of Cheilostomata
Dyscritella kalmardensis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Dyscritella multiporata^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Filites bakharevi^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites fragilis^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites regularis^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites vulgaris^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Hemiphragma insolitum^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Russia	A trepostome bryozoan.
Microporella tanyae^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Gordon	Pliocene	Yorktown	United States ( Virginia)	A member of the family Microporellidae.
Parastenodiscus sinaiensis^[25]	Sp. nov	In press	Ernst et al.	Carboniferous (Mississippian)		Egypt	A member of Trepostomata
Planopora^[23]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Russia	A bifoliate cystoporate. Genus includes new species P. volkhovensis.
Rhombopora aryani^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Cryptostomata belonging to the group Rhabdomesina and to the family Rhomboporidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Taylorus patagonicus^[26]	Sp. nov	In press	Pérez et al.	Early Miocene		Argentina	A member of the family Escharinidae.
Zefrehopora^[18]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Bahrami & Parast	Devonian (Famennian)	Bahram	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Eridotrypellidae. The type species is Z. asynithis.

Brachiopods

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Askerina^[27]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Aeronian)	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is A. cymbula.
Beaussetithyris^[28]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is B. asymmetrica.
Biconvexiella saopauloensis^[29]	Sp. nov	In press	Simões et al.	Late Paleozoic	Taciba	Brazil
Bockeliena^[30]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baarli	Silurian		United Kingdom	A member of the family Atrypinidae; a new genus for "Atrypa" flexuosa Marr & Nicholson (1888).
Brevilamnulella minuta^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Blodgett	Late Ordovician		United States ( Alaska)
Chilcatreta lariojana^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	A siphonotretid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Chinellirostra^[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species C. rara.
Contortithyris^[28]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Micraster	France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is C. thermae.
Cyclothyris cardiatelia^[34]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Cyclothyris grimargina^[28]	Sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Micraster	France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae
Cyclothyris nekvasilovae^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berrocal-Casero, Joral & Barroso-Barcenilla	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Czech Republic	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae
Cyclothyris segurai^[34]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Dihelictera askeriensis^[27]	Sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Aeronian)	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Dihelictera engerensis^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Dogdoa talyndzhensis^[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Elliptoglossa kononovae^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smirnova & Zhegallo	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia	A member of Lingulida.
Eoobolus incipiens^[38]	Sp. nov	In press	Zhang, Popov, Holmer & Zhang in Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Ajax Limestone Dengying Formation Mernmerna Formation Wilkawillina Limestone	Australia China	A member of Linguloidea.
Euroatrypa? sigridi^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypinidae.
Famatinobolus^[32]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	An obolid brachiopod. Genus includes new species F. cancellatum. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Germanoplatidia^[39]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Dulai & Von der Hocht	Oligocene (Chattian)		Germany	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Platidiidae; a new genus for "Terebratula" pusilla Philippi (1843).
Gotatrypa vettrensis^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Jordanithyris^[40]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Feldman et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian and Callovian)	Hamam Mughanniyya	Jordan	A member of Terebratulida. Genus includes new species J. ardainensis.
Joviatrypa nakremi^[27]	Sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Silurian (Aeronian)	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae
Kafirnigania jorali^[41]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Kafirnigania massiliensis^[41]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		France Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Kirkidium canberrense^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz	Silurian (Wenlock)	Canberra	Australia	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Kutchithyris simoni^[43]	Sp. nov	In press	Feldman et al.	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Mughanniyya	Jordan
Lambdarina winklerprinsi^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Voldman et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	San Emiliano	Spain
Lingulellotreta yuanshanensis^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian		China
Linnaeocaninella^[46]	Nom. nov	Valid	Hernández	Middle Permian	Lengwu	China	A replacement name for Caninella Liang (1990)
Linnarssonia sapushanensis^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Duan et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing	China	An acrotretoid brachiopod.
Lithobolus limbatum^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	An obolid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Mishninia^[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	The type species is M. nodosa
Neobolus wulongqingensis^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang, Strotz, Topper & Brock in Zhang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing	China	A member of Lingulida belonging to the family Neobolidae. Many specimens had tubeworm-like kleptoparasites attached to their shells.
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) longa^[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Luokeng	China
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) transversa ^[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Luokeng	China
Nottina^[27]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Silurian (Rhuddanian and Aeronian)	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is N. phalerata.
Nucleatina anotia^[41]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain France?	A member of Terebratulida.
Nucleatina arcana^[41]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Nucleatina barrosoi^[41]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Palaeotreta^[50]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Shuijingtuo	China	A member of the family Acrotretidae. The type species is P. shannanensis; genus also includes "Eohadrotreta" zhujiahensis Li & Holmer (2004).
Paramickwitzia^[51]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pan et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Xinji	China	A stem-brachiopod belonging to the group Mickwitziidae. Genus includes new species P. boreussinaensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Plectatrypa rindi^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypinidae.
Plicarmus^[52]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Claybourn et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Byrd Group	Antarctica	A member of Lingulata. Genus includes new species P. wildi.
Rhinatrypa^[30]	Gen. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae. Genus includes R. henningsmoeni.
Rhipidium oepiki^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz	Silurian (Wenlock)	Canberra	Australia	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Schachriomonia spiraensis^[27]	Sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Ordovician-Silurian	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae
Sifella^[27]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Silurian (Aeronian)	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is S. patera
Stringocephalus sinensis^[33]	Sp. nov	In press	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae.
Tapuritreta gribovensis^[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Karpinsk Formation	Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of the family Acrotretidae.
Tcherskidium tenuicostatus^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Blodgett	Late Ordovician		United States ( Alaska)
Trigonithyris wilsoni^[43]	Sp. nov	In press	Feldman et al.	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Mughanniyya	Jordan
Vagrania naanchanensis^[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Atrypida.
Verchojania abramovi^[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Makoshin	Late Carboniferous		Russia	A member of Productida
Wahwahlingula? pankovensis^[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Karpinsk Formation	Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of Linguloidea belonging to the family Zhanatellidae.
Woodwardirhynchia pontemdiaboli^[34]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal Casero, Barroso Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Yangirostra^[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species Y. asiatica.
Zygospiraella nupera^[27]	Sp. nov	In press	Baarli	Silurian (Aeronian)	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae

Research

A study on the mode of life of Paleozoic strophomenatans is published by Stanley (2020), who argues that nearly all strophomenatans lived infaunally.^[55]
A study on the paleobiogeography of Early−Middle Devonian (Pragian−Eifelian) brachiopods from West Gondwana, aiming to determine any potential controls that may have driven bioregionalization, is published by Penn-Clarke & Harper (2020).^[56]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships and ecomorphologic diversification of Mesozoic spiriferinids is published by Guo, Chen & Harper (2020).^[57]

Molluscs

Echinoderms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Abertella carlsoni^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Abludoglyptocrinus steinheimerae^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Aenigmaticumcrinus^[60]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Belén	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the group Dimerocrinitacea. Genus includes new species A. rochacamposi.
Aerliceaster^[61]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Gahn & Guensburg	Ordovician (Floian)	Garden City	United States ( Idaho)	A starfish. Genus includes new species A. nexosus.
Alkaidia megaungula^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ewin & Gale	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Taba	Morocco	A starfish belonging to the family Terminasteridae.
Arceoaster^[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Sprinkle	Silurian	Hunton Group	United States ( Oklahoma)	A starfish belonging to the family Hudsonasteridae. Genus includes new species A. hintei.
Brissopsis hoffmani^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Calclyra bifida^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pabst & Herbig	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Genicera	Spain	A brittle star belonging to the group Oegophiurida and the family Calclyridae.
Clypeaster petersonorum^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A species of Clypeaster.
Comptonia bretoni^[65]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Atherfield	United Kingdom	A starfish
Coulonia caseyi^[65]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Atherfield	United Kingdom	An astropectinid starfish
Cyclogrupera^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov		Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar	Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian)	Grupera	Mexico	A crinoid belonging to the family Cyclomischidae. The type species is C. minor.
Discocrinus africanus^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae.
Drepanocrinus wardorum^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Durhamicystis^[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zamora, Sprinkle & Sumrall	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Chambersburg	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Eocrinoidea belonging to the family Rhipidocystidae. The type species is D. americana.
Echinosphaerites dianae^[69]	Sp. nov	In press	Zamora et al.	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A rhombiferan blastozoan
Enodicalix^[70]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Paul & Gutiérrez-Marco	Ordovician		Spain	A member of Diploporita belonging to the family Aristocystitidae. The type species is "Calix" inornatus Meléndez (1958).
Euglyphocrinus cristagalli^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus jacobsae^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus truncatus^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus worthensis^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euptychocrinus? atelis^[71]	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A camerate crinoid
Euptychocrinus longipinnulus^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fearnhead et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Pysgotwr Grits	United Kingdom	A camerate crinoid
Fenestracrinus^[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is F. oculifer.
Fernandezaster whisleri^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Floricyclocion^[66]	Gen. et sp. nov		Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar	Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian)	Grupera	Mexico	A crinoid belonging to the family Floricyclidae. The type species is F. heteromorpha.
Gagaria hunterae^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Genocidaris oyeni^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Heterobrissus lubellii^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Borghi & Stara	Late Oligocene-early Miocene		Italy	A heart urchin.
Holocrinus qingyanensis^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stiller	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	A crinoid belonging to the family Holocrinidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Homocystites adidiensis^[69]	Sp. nov	In press	Zamora et al.	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A rhombiferan blastozoan
Iocrinus ouzammoui^[71]	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) covuncoensis^[75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lazo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)	Agrio	Argentina	A crinoid.
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) pehuenchensis^[75]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lazo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)	Agrio	Argentina	A crinoid.
Isthloucrinus^[71]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species I. praecursor.
Kolataster^[61]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Gahn & Guensburg	Ordovician (Sandian)	Mifflin	United States ( Illinois)	A starfish. Genus includes new species K. perplexus.
Lebenharticrinus quinvigintensis^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Lebenharticrinus zitti^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Linguaserra heidii^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pabst & Herbig	Carboniferous (Tournaisian to Serpukhovian)	Genicera Heiligenhaus	Germany Spain	A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Linguaserridae.
Lovenia kerneri^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A species of Lovenia.
Magnasterella^[76]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida; a new genus for "Echinasterella" darwini Clarke (1913).
Marginix notatus^[76]	Sp. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A brittle star
Meperocrinus^[60]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Icla	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the family Emperocrinidae. Genus includes new species M. angelina.
Odontaster tabaensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ewin & Gale	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Taba	Morocco	A starfish, a species of Odontaster.
Ophiacantha oceani^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Numberger-Thuy & Thuy	Pliocene to Pleistocene (Piacenzian to Gelasian)		Italy	A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae.
Ophiomitrella floorae^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Gale	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maastricht	Netherlands	An ophiacanthid brittle star.
Panidiscus^[79]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		Morocco	An isorophinid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species P. tamiformis.
Paragonaster felli^[80]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stevens	Early Cretaceous		New Zealand	A starfish.
Paranaster^[76]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Emsian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida. Genus includes new species P. crucis.
Pararchaeocrinus kiddi^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A diplobathrid crinoid.
Peckicrinus^[81]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Duck Creek	United States ( Oklahoma Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is "Poecilocrinus" porcatus Peck (1943).
Pegoasterella^[82]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Late Ordovician	Bromide Guttenberg	United States ( Illinois Oklahoma)	A starfish belonging to the family Urasterellidae. Genus includes new species P. pompom.
Periglyptocrinus astricus^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus kevinbretti^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus mcdonaldi^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus silvosus^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Plotocrinus molineuxae^[81]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Plotocrinus rashallae^[81]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	France United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Plotocrinus reidi^[81]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Kiamichi	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Psammaster^[83]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Fau et al.	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Grès des Oies	France	A starfish belonging to the group Forcipulatida. The type species is "Ophidiaster" davidsoni de Loriol & Pellat (1874).
Rhyncholampas meansi^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pleistocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Roveacrinus gladius^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Roveacrinus morganae^[81]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Pawpaw	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Roveacrinus proteus^[81]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Pawpaw	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Roveacrinus solisoccasum^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Schoenaster carterensis^[84]	Sp. nov	Valid	Harris, Ettensohn & Carnahan-Jarvis	Carboniferous (Chesterian)	Slade	United States ( Kentucky)	A brittle star
Seifenia^[85]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian	Seifen	Germany	A member of Edrioasteroidea. The type species is S. ostara.
Spinadiscus^[79]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		Morocco	A pyrgocystid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. lefebvrei.
Styracocrinus rimafera^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Styracocrinus thomasae^[81]	Sp. nov	In press	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Superlininicrinus^[71]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species S. advorsa.
Tollmannicrinus leidapoensis^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stiller	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	A crinoid. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Tuberocrinus^[60]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Belén	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the group Dimerocrinitacea. Genus includes new species T. lapazensis.
Vaquerosella perrillatae^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez Melo & Alvarado Ortega	Miocene	San Ignacio	Mexico	A sand dollar belonging to the family Echinarachniidae

Research

A study on morphological diversification of echinoderms and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the establishment of echinoderm body plans during the early Paleozoic is published by Deline et al. (2020).^[87]
A study on the locomotion of cornute stylophorans, based on data from a specimen of Phyllocystis crassimarginata from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Saint-Chinian Formation (France), is published by Clark et al. (2020).^[88]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Hexedriocystis is published by Zamora & Sumrall (2020), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan.^[89]
A study on the speciation and dispersal of the diploporan blastozoans through the Ordovician period is published by Lam, Sheffield & Matzke (2020).^[90]
A study on the evolutionary history of eublastoid blastozoans is published by Bauer (2020).^[91]
A study on the phylogeny of the crown group of Echinoidea, based on both phylogenomic and paleontological data, is published by Koch & Thompson (2020).^[92]

Conodonts

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Ancyrognathus minjini^[93]	Sp. nov	Valid	Suttner et al.	Late Devonian	Baruunhuurai	Mongolia	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Baltoniodus norrlandicus denticulatus^[94]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Dzik	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Poland	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Belodina watsoni^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Australia
Bipennatus hemilevigatus^[96]	Sp. nov	In press	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China
Bipennatus planus^[96]	Sp. nov	In press	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China
Diplognathodus benderi^[97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu et al.	Carboniferous (Bashkirian–Moscovian boundary)		China
Erraticodon neopatu^[98]	Sp. nov	In press	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician	Willara	Australia
Idiognathodus fengtingensis^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus luodianensis^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus naqingensis^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus naraoensis^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Misikella kolarae^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid	Karádi et al.	Late Triassic		Hungary	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Polygnathus nalaiensis^[96]	Sp. nov	In press	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China
Rossodus? boothiaensis^[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang		Turner Cliffs	Canada ( Nunavut)
Scalpellodus percivali^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Australia
Scythogondolella dolosa^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bondarenko & Popov	Early Triassic		Russia ( Primorsky Krai)
Siphonodella leiosa^[103]	Sp. nov	In press	Souquet, Corradini & Girard	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		France
Streptognathodus nemyrovskae^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)		China
Streptognathodus zhihaoi^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)		China
Tortodus dodoensis^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gouwy, Uyeno & McCracken	Devonian (Givetian)		Canada	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Trapezognathus pectinatus^[94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dzik	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Poland	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Zieglerodina petrea^[105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hušková & Slavík	Silurian/Devonian boundary	Prague Synform	Czech Republic	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Research

Evidence of variations in crystallography and microstructure due to both ontogeny and element type within the conodont feeding apparatus of Dapsilodus obliquicostatus is presented by Shohel et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the integrity of conodont apatite as a recorder of seawater chemistry.^[106]

Fishes

Amphibians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Balveherpeton^[107]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Skutschas, Kolchanov & Schwermann	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)		Germany	A salamandroid salamander. Genus includes new species B. hoennetalensis.
Benthosuchus lukyanovi^[108]	Sp. nov	Valid	Morkovin	Early Triassic		Russia ( Vologda Oblast)
Brittagnathus^[109]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ahlberg & Clack	Devonian (Famennian)	Britta Dal	Greenland	A basal tetrapod. The type species is B. minutus.
Calyptocephalella sabrosa^[110]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muzzopappa et al.	Paleocene (Danian)	Salamanca	Argentina	A frog, a species of Calyptocephalella.
Egoria^[111]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Skutschas et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Itat	Russia ( Krasnoyarsk Krai)	A stem-salamander. The type species is E. malashichevi.
Kururubatrachus^[112]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Agnolin et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Crato	Brazil	A neobatrachian frog resembling extant members of Hyloidea. Genus includes new species K. gondwanicus.
Leptoropha minima^[113]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bulanov	Permian		Russia ( Tatarstan)	A member of Seymouriamorpha
Palaeoproteus miocenicus^[114]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vasilyan & Yanenko	Miocene (Vallesian)		Austria Ukraine	A salamander belonging to the family Batrachosauroididae
Rastosuchus^[115]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dias, Dias-da-Silva & Schultz	Permian	Rio do Rasto	Brazil	A temnospondyl belonging to the family Rhinesuchidae. The type species is R. hammeri.
Steenerpeton^[116]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mann et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Joggins	Canada ( Nova Scotia)	A recumbirostran "microsaur". Genus includes new species S. silvae.

Research

A study evaluating the effects of ontogenetic disparity of known trematopid specimens on reconstructions of the phylogenetic relationships of trematopids is published by Gee (2020).^[117]
Redescription of Actiobates peabodyi, including an updated description of the skull and the first description of the postcranial skeleton, is published by Gee & Reisz (2020).^[118]
A study on the suture pattern in the skull and on the mandible anatomy of Cacops aspidephorus is published by Anderson, Scott & Reisz (2020).^[119]
New amphibamiform specimen with exceptionally preserved lissamphibian-like integumentary structures, including the first evidence of toepad structures in a temnospondyl body fossil, is described from the Mazon Creek fossil beds by Mann & Gee (2020).^[120]
Description of the anatomy of the skull of Pasawioops mayi, and a study on the ontogeny of this taxon, is published by Atkins et al. (2020).^[121]
A study on growth patterns in Doleserpeton annectens, as indicated by bone histology, is published by Gee, Haridy & Reisz (2020).^[122]
A study on a specimen of Benthosuchus korobkovi from the Olenekian of Russia affected by a neoplastic bone lesion in its jaw, representing the earliest case of such lesion in a tetrapod reported so far, is published by Novikov et al. (2020), who propose a non-odontogenic osteoma as the most likely diagnosis.^[123]
Redescription and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Aphaneramma kokeni is published by Maisch (2020), who considers A. kokeni to be a valid taxon.^[124]
A study on the impact of local climatic and environmental conditions on growth patterns of the skeleton of Panthasaurus maleriensis is published by Teschner et al. (2020).^[125]
Evidence of the presence of five metacarpals in a specimen of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Upper Triassic of Poland is presented by Konietzko‐Meier et al. (2020), who interpret this finding as evidence of pentadactyly of the manus of M. krasiejowensis, showing that the presence of a five-digit manus among Temnospondyli was possible.^[126]
New fossil material of albanerpetontids is described from the lower Campanian Aguja Formation (Texas, United States) by Wick (2020), who interprets this finding as indicating that albanerpetontids were locally abundant there and also widespread throughout much of the Western Interior of North America by early Campanian time.^[127]
New specimen of Triassurus sixtelae is described from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan by Schoch, Werneburg & Voigt (2020), who identify this species as the oldest known stem-group salamander.^[128]
A study on the diversity of skull shape in extant and fossil ribbed and crocodile newts, the relationship between their skull shape and ecological and reproductive traits, and its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of Chelotriton, is published by Pogoda et al. (2020).^[129]
Right ilium and a skull bone of a frog belonging to the genus Calyptocephalella are reported from the Eocene (Bartonian) La Meseta Formation (Antarctica) by Mörs, Reguero & Vasilyan (2020), representing the first record of a lissamphibian in Antarctica reported so far.^[130]
Partial humerus of a member of the genus Eleutherodactylus is described from the Oligocene San Sebastian Formation (Puerto Rico) by Blackburn et al. (2020), representing the earliest fossil frog from any Caribbean island reported so far.^[131]
Redescription of the anatomy and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Eldeceeon rolfei is published by Ruta, Clack & Smithson (2020).^[132]
A study on the long bone histology, growth rate and the timing of the attainment of sexual maturity in seymouriamorphs is published by Jordi Estefa et al. (2020).^[133]
A study on the anatomy of the braincase and otic capsule of Seymouria is published by Bazzana et al. (2020).^[134]
Description of new postcranial material of Seymouria from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), and a study on bone histology, life histories and evolution of terrestriality of seymouriamorphs, is published by Bazzana et al. (2020).^[135]
A study on the anatomy of the skull of Euryodus dalyae, providing new information on the anatomy of the braincase and mandible, is published by Gee, Bevitt & Reisz (2020).^[136]
Description of the anatomy of the braincase and stapes of Diadectes absitus is published by Klembara et al. (2020).^[137]

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Bohemiclavulus^[138]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Spindler, Voigt & Fischer	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Slaný	Czech Republic	A member of the family Edaphosauridae; a new genus for "Naosaurus" mirabilis Fritsch (1895). Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Caodeyao^[139]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Abdala	Late Permian	Naobaogou	China	A therocephalian. Genus includes new species C. liuyufengi.
Chiniquodon omaruruensis^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mocke, Gaetano & Abdala	Triassic	Omingonde	Namibia
Dendromaia^[141]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maddin, Mann & Hebert	Carboniferous		Canada ( Nova Scotia)	A member of Varanopidae. Genus includes new species D. unamakiensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Etjoia^[142]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hendrickx et al.	Triassic (Ladinian/Carnian)	Omingonde	Namibia	A traversodontid cynodont. Genus includes new species E. dentitransitus.
Hypselohaptodus^[143]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Spindler	Permian (Cisuralian)	Kenilworth	United Kingdom	An early member of Sphenacodontia; a new genus for "Haptodus" grandis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Kenomagnathus^[144]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Rock Lake Shale Mb, Stanton	United States ( Kansas)	An early member of Sphenacodontia. The type species is K. scottae.
Martensius^[145]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Berman et al.	Permian (Artinskian)	Tambach	Germany	A member of Caseidae. The type species is M. bromackerensis.
Polonodon^[146]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Poland	A non-mammaliaform eucynodont. Genus includes new species P. woznikiensis. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Remigiomontanus^[138]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler, Voigt & Fischer	Carboniferous–Permian transition	Saar–Nahe	Germany	A member of the family Edaphosauridae. Genus includes new species R. robustus. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Taoheodon^[147]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu	Late Permian	Sunjiagou Formation	China	A dicynodontoid dicynodont. Genus includes new species T. baizhijuni.

Research

A study on the evolution of the well-defined morphological regions of the vertebral column and of vertebral functional diversity in synapsids is published by Jones et al. (2020).^[148]
A study aiming to determine the resting metabolic rates and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) in eight non-mammalian synapsids is published by Faure-Brac & Cubo (2020).^[149]
A study on the shoulder musculature in extant Argentine black and white tegu and Virginia opossum, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the shoulder musculature in non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Fahn-Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2020).^[150]
A study aiming to determine whether a vicariance pattern can explain early synapsid evolution is published by Brikiatis (2020).^[151]
Mann et al. (2020) reinterpret Carboniferous taxon Asaphestera platyris Steen (1934) from the Joggins locality (Nova Scotia, Canada) as the earliest unambiguous synapsid in the fossil record reported so far.^[116]
A study on the long bone histology of varanopids from the lower Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the paleobiology of early synapsids, is published by Huttenlocker & Shelton (2020).^[152]
Mann & Reisz (2020) report a new hyper-elongated neural spine of Echinerpeton intermedium from the Pennsylvanian-aged Sydney Mines Formation (Nova Scotia, Canada), indicating a wider distribution of hyper-elongation of vertebral neural spines in early synapsids than previously known.^[153]
A study on the histology of vertebral centra of Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon is published by Agliano, Sander & Wintrich (2020).^[154]
A study on the anatomy of the holotype skull of Tetraceratops insignis and on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Spindler (2020).^[155]
A study comparing the oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of tooth and bone apatite of Endothiodon and Tropidostoma, and aiming to determine the ecology and diet of Endothiodon, is published by Rey et al. (2020).^[156]
Whitney & Sidor (2020) compare the frequency and patterns of growth marks in tusks of Lystrosaurus from polar Antarctica and from the non-polar Karoo Basin of South Africa living ~250 Mya, and report evidence of prolonged stress interpreted as indicative of torpor in polar specimens. This could be the oldest evidence of a hibernation-like state in a vertebrate animal and indicates that torpor arose in vertebrates before mammals and dinosaurs evolved.^[157]^[158]^[159]
Redescription of the skull of Lycosuchus vanderrieti, providing new information on the endocranial anatomy of this taxon, is published by Pusch et al. (2020).^[160]
A review of the fossil record of Triassic non-mammaliaform cynodonts from western Gondwana and its importance for the knowledge of the origin of mammals, focusing on taxa known from Argentina, is published by Abdala et al. (2020).^[161]

Mammals

Other animals

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Aladraco kirchhainensis^[162]	Sp. nov	Valid	Geyer & Malinky	Cambrian (Miaolingian)	Delitzsch–Torgau–Doberlug	Germany	A member of Hyolitha. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Armilimax^[163]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Kimmig & Selden	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence Shale	United States ( Utah)	A shell-bearing animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species A. pauljamisoni.
Avitograptus akidomorphus^[164]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Wenchang	China	A graptolite.
Canadiella^[165]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Skovsted et al.	Cambrian	Mural Rosella	Canada	A tommotiid belonging to the family Kennardiidae. The type species is "Lapworthella" filigrana Conway Morris & Fritz (1984).
Collinsovermis^[166]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Caron & Aria	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Burgess Shale	Canada ( British Columbia)	A luolishaniid lobopodian. Genus includes new species C. monstruosus.
Cordaticaris^[167]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sun, Zeng & Zhao	Cambrian (Drumian)	Zhangxia	China	A member of Radiodonta belonging to the family Hurdiidae. Genus includes new species C. striatus.
Dahescolex^[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Shao et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu	China	An animal which might be a stem-lineage derivative of Scalidophora. Genus includes new species D. kuanchuanpuensis.
Dakorhachis^[169]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Conway Morris et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Weeks	United States ( Utah)	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a stem-group member of the Gnathifera. Genus includes new species D. thambus.
Dannychaeta^[170]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Cambrian	Canglangpu	China	A crown annelid, probably a relative of the families Magelonidae and Oweniidae. Genus includes new species D. tucolus.
"Dictyonema" khadijae^[171]	Sp. nov	In press	Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A graptolite
"Dictyonema" villasi^[171]	Sp. nov	In press	Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A graptolite
Gyaltsenglossus^[172]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nanglu, Caron & Cameron	Cambrian	Stephen	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the stem group of Hemichordata. The type species is G. senis.
Herpetogaster haiyanensis^[173]	Sp. nov		Yang et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu	China
Ikaria^[174]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Evans et al.	Ediacaran		Australia	An early bilaterian. Genus includes new species I. wariootia.
Korenograptus selectus^[175]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Late Ordovician		Myanmar	A graptolite
Lenzograptus^[176]	Nom. nov	In press	Loydell	Silurian (Ludlow)		Canada ( Yukon)	A graptolite; a replacement name for Lenzia Rickards & Wright (1999).
Longxiantheca^[177]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li in Li et al.	Cambrian Stages 3–4	Xinji	China	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the group Orthothecida. The type species is L. mira.
Microconchus cravenensis^[178]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zatoń & Mundy	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Cracoe Limestone Malham	United Kingdom	A member of Microconchida.
Microconchus maya^[179]	Sp. nov	In press	Heredia-Jiménez et al.	Permian (Roadian)	Paso Hondo	Mexico	A member of Microconchida.
Monograptus hamulus^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Saparin et al.	Silurian (Llandovery)	Co To	Vietnam	A graptolite
Neodiplograptus mandalayensis^[175]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Late Ordovician		Myanmar	A graptolite
Onuphionella corusca^[181]	Sp. nov	In press	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Sandbian)	First Bani	Morocco	Agglutinated tubes produced by unknown animal
Pristiograptus paradoxus^[182]	Sp. nov	In press	Loydell & Walasek	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A graptolite
Torquigraptus loveridgei^[182]	Sp. nov	In press	Loydell & Walasek	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A graptolite
Torquigraptus wilsoni^[183]	Sp. nov	Valid	Loydell	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A graptolite
Toscanisoma^[184]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Wendt	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano	Italy	A member of Ascidiacea. The type species is T. multipartitum; genus also includes T. triplicatum.
Utahscolex^[185]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Whitaker et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence	United States ( Utah)	A palaeoscolecid; a new genus for "Palaeoscolex" ratcliffei Robison (1969)
Vermilituus^[186]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu	China	A small, encrusting tubular protostomian, preserved attached to a mobile host (Vetulicola). The type species is V. gregarius.
Zhongpingscolex^[187]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Shao et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu	China	A scalidophoran, probably a stem-group kinorhynch. Genus includes new species Z. qinensis.
Zuunia^[188]	Gen. et sp. nov		Yang et al.	Late Ediacaran	Zuun-Arts	Mongolia	A cloudinid. The type species is Z. chimidtsereni.

Research

A study on the taphonomy of three-dimensionally preserved specimens of Charnia from the White Sea, and on their implications for the knowledge of rangeomorph feeding and physiology, is published by Butterfield (2020).^[189]
A study on the morphology and likely mode of life of Beothukis mistakensis is published by McIlroy et al. (2020).^[190]
Evidence of preservation of internal anatomical structures in cloudinomorph fossils from the Ediacaran Wood Canyon Formation (Nevada, United States) is reported by Schiffbauer et al. (2020), who interpret these structures as probable digestive tracts, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of cloudinomorphs.^[191]
New specimens of Mafangscolex, providing the first detailed information on the anatomy of a proboscis in palaeoscolecids, are described from the Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (Kunming, China) by Yang et al. (2020).^[192]
A study on the type material of a putative Ordovician annelid Haileyia adhaerens is published by Muir & Botting (2020) who find no evidence indicating that H. adhaerens is an annelid, or even a recognizable fossil.^[193]
Two types of microscopic reticulate cuticular patterns are described in Cambrian stem-group scalidophorans from the Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2020), who argue that these cuticular networks replicate the cell boundaries of the epidermis.^[194]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Facivermis yunnanicus, based on data from the holotype and new specimens, is published by Howard et al. (2020), who consider this species to be a luolishaniid lobopodian.^[195]
An isolated frontal appendage of a miniature hurdiid radiodont (less than half the size of the next smallest radiodont frontal appendage discovered so far) is described from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Dol-cyn-Afon Formation (Wales, United Kingdom) by Pates et al. (2020), representing the first radiodont reported from the UK, the first record of this group from the palaeocontinent Avalonia, and the first from an environment dominated by sponges rather than euarthropods.^[196]

Foraminifera

Other organisms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Anqiutrichoides^[197]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A multicellular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an eukaryotic alga. Genus includes new species A. constrictus.
Aphralysia anfracta^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kopaska-Merkel, Haywick & Keyes	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		United States ( Alabama)	A tubular calcitic microfossil of uncertain affinities
Arborea denticulata^[199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying	China	A frondose fossil of uncertain affinities.
Archaeosporites^[200]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Harper et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Archaeosporaceae. Genus includes new species A. rhyniensis.
Attenborites^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Droser et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley	Australia	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of a well-defined irregular oval to circular fossil. Genus includes new species A. janeae. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Brijax^[202]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Krings & Harper	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A probable chytrid fungus. Genus includes new species B. amictus.
Cyanosarcinopsis^[203]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Calça & Fairchild	Permian	Assistência	Brazil	A chroococcacean. Genus includes new species C. hachiroi.
Dichothallus^[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Naugolnykh	Permian (early Kungurian)	Philippovian	Russia	A brown alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species D. divaricatus.
Dongyesphaera^[205]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Yin et al.	Paleoproterozoic	Tianpengnao	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species D. tenuispina.
Eoentophysalis hutuoensis^[205]	Sp. nov	In press	Yin et al.	Paleoproterozoic	Hebiancun	China	A cyanobacterium belonging to the family Entophysalidaceae
Eosolena magna^[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A multicellular, eukaryotic alga.
Flabellophyton obesum^[206]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Flabellophyton stupendum^[207]	Sp. nov	In press	Xiao et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	Probably a benthic macroalga.
Flabellophyton typicum^[206]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Liulingjitaenia irregularis^[207]	Sp. nov	In press	Xiao et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	Probably a benthic macroalga.
Nepia^[208]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Golubkova in Golubkova & Kochnev	Ediacaran		Russia	An oscillatorian cyanobacteria. Genus includes new species N. calicina.
Noffkarkys^[209]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Retallack & Broz	Ediacaran and Cambrian	Arumbera Flathead Grant Bluff Jodhpur Synalds	Australia India United Kingdom United States ( Montana)	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a member of the family Charniidae. Genus includes new species N. storaaslii.
Obamus^[210]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Dzaugis et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley	Australia	A torus-shaped organism, similar in gross morphology to some poriferans and benthic cnidarians. Genus includes new species O. coronatus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Ophiocordyceps dominicanus^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Eocene or Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A fungus, a species of Ophiocordyceps. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Palaeomycus^[212]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A fungus described on the basis of pycnidia. Genus includes new species P. epallelus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Paleoplastes^[213]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Poinar & Vega	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A possible dictyostelid. Genus includes new species P. burmanica.
Pararenicola gejiazhuangensis^[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Polycephalomyces baltica^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Eocene	Baltic amber	Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast)	A fungus belonging to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Protoarenicola baishicunensis^[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Protoarenicola shijiacunensis^[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Protographum^[214]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Le Renard et al.	Early Cretaceous	Potomac	United States ( Virginia)	A fungus belonging or related to the family Aulographaceae. Genus includes new species P. luttrellii.
Sinosabellidites huangshanensis^[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Stomiopeltites shangcunicus^[215]	Sp. nov	In press	Maslova & Tobias in Maslova et al.	Oligocene	Shangcun	China	A fungus belonging to the family Micropeltidaceae.
Windipila wimmervoecksii^[216]	Sp. nov	In press	Krings & Harper	Early Devonian	Windyfield	United Kingdom	A fungal reproductive unit

Research

A study on fossilized biopolymers in 3.5–3.3 Ga microbial mats from the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) is published by Hickman‐Lewis, Westall & Cavalazzi (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that Bacteria and Archaea flourished together in Earth's earliest ecosystems.^[217]
Putative ciliate fossils from the Cryogenian Taishir Formation (Tsagaan Olom Group, Zavkhan Terrane, Mongolia) are reinterpreted as more likely to be algal reproductive structures by Cohen, Vizcaíno & Anderson (2020), who also report the first occurrence of these fossils in the earliest Ediacaran Ol Formation.^[218]
The discovery of fungal fossils in a 810 to 715 million year old dolomitic shale from the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is reported by Bonneville et al. (2020), representing the oldest, molecularly identified remains of Fungi reported so far.^[219]
Specimens of Palaeopascichnus linearis living before the Gaskiers glaciation are described from marine strata within the Rocky Harbour Formation by Liu & Tindal (2020), representing the oldest documented macrofossils from the Ediacaran successions of Newfoundland reported so far.^[220]
A study on the developmental biology and phylogenetic relationships of Helicoforamina wenganica is published by Yin et al. (2020).^[221]
A study on the morphology and affinities of a putative early sponge Namapoikia rietoogensis is published by Mehra et al. (2020), who argue that Namapoikia lacked the physical characteristics expected of an animal.^[222]
A study on the morphology and inner ultrastructure of exceptionally preserved chitinozoan specimens from the Ordovician of Estonia, the United States and Russia is published by Liang et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence of a protist affinity of chitinozoans.^[223]

Trace fossils

A study on patterns of ecosystem engineering behaviors across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by data from trace fossils, and on their possible impact on ecosystem recovery in the benthic environment in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Cribb & Bottjer (2020).^[224]
New fossil tracks, probably produced by a pterygote insect, are described from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation (Brazil) by Peixoto et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Paleohelcura araraquarensis, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of ecological relationships within the Botucatu paleodesert.^[225]
A new assemblage of nests produced by social insects is described from the Brushy Basin Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Utah, United States) by Smith, Loewen & Kirkland (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Eopolis ekdalei.^[226]
New tetrapod trackways are described from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the South African Karoo Basin by Cisneros et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as produced by small amphibians, and consider them to be evidence that the diversity of Guadalupian amphibians of the Karoo Basin was greater than indicated by body fossils alone.^[227]
Mujal & Schoch (2020) describe amphibian tracks from the Middle Triassic Erfurt Formation (Germany, probably produced by capitosaurid temnospondyls, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the locomotion and habitats of temnospondyls.^[228]
Fossil tracks likely produced by early amniotes are described from the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Manakacha Formation (Arizona, United States) by Rowland, Caputo & Jensen (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence of early adaptation of amniotes to eolian dunefield deserts, as well as the first documented occurrence of a lateral-sequence gait in the pre-Miocene tetrapod fossil record.^[229]
Fossil tracks possibly produced by a monjurosuchid-like choristoderan are described from the Albian Daegu Formation (South Korea) by Lee, Kong & Jung (2020), who attempt to determine the trackmaker’s locomotory posture on land, and name a new ichnotaxon Novapes ulsanensis.^[230]
Fossil tracks produced by large crocodylomorphs, possibly moving bipedally, are described from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) by Kim et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Batrachopus grandis.^[231]
Three sauropod trackways, probably produced by members of Titanosauriformes, are described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Castelbouc cave (France) by Moreau et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Occitanopodus gandi.^[232]
New dinosaur tracks, including tracks representing the ichnogenus Deltapodus (probably produced by stegosaurians), are described from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye (Scotland, United Kingdom) by dePolo et al. (2020), expanding known diversity of dinosaur tracks from this locality.^[233]
Flamingo-like and anatid-like fossil bird footprints will be described from the Vinchina Formation (Argentina) by Farina et al. (2020), who name new ichnotaxa Phoenicopterichnum lucioi and P. vinchinaensis.^[234]
Mazin & Pouech (2020) describe non-pterodactyloid pterosaur tracks from the ichnological site known as "the Pterosaur Beach of Crayssac" (Tithonian; south-western France), evaluate the implications of these tracks for the knowledge of the terrestrial capabilities of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs, and name a new ichnogenus Rhamphichnus.^[235]
Dinosaur and synapsid tracks are described from the Pliensbachian-Toarcian of the northern main Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Bordy et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence that dinosaurs and synapsids were among the last inhabitants of the main Karoo Basin some 183 million years ago, and name a new ichnotaxon Afrodelatorrichnus ellenbergeri (likely of ornithischian affinity).^[236]
New complex burrow system produced by geomyid rodents is described from the Oligocene Chilapa Formation (Mexico) by Guerrero-Arenas, Jiménez-Hidalgo & Genise (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Yaviichnus iniyooensis, and interpret the complexity of these burrows as probable evidence of some degree of gregariousness of their producers.^[237]

History of life in general

Liu & Dunn (2020), describe filamentous organic structures preserved among frond-dominated fossil assemblages from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland (Canada), including filaments that appear to directly connect individual specimens of one rangeomorph taxon, and interpret this finding as possible evidence that Ediacaran frondose taxa were clonal.^[238]
A study on the age of the Ediacaran biota from the Conception and St. John’s Groups at Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (Newfoundland, Canada) is published by Matthews et al. (2020).^[239]
Approximately 563-million-year-old Ediacaran biota is reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil) by Becker-Kerber et al. (2020), representing the first record of Ediacaran macrofossils from Gondwana in deposits of similar age to the Avalon biota.^[240]
A study on biomarkers from Ediacaran sediments in the White Sea area is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that eukaryotic algae were abundant among the food sources available for the Ediacaran biota.^[241]
A study aiming to quantify changes of regional-scale diversity in marine fossils across time and space throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2020).^[242]
A study on the timing of known diversification and extinction events from Cambrian to Triassic, based on data from 11,000 marine fossil species, is published by Fan et al. (2020).^[243]
The discovery of a new, exceptionally-preserved Cambrian biota, with fossils belonging to multiple phyla, is reported from the Guzhangian Longha Formation (Yunnan, China) by Peng et al. (2020).^[244]
A study on changes in body size in skeletal animals from the Siberian Platform through the early Cambrian is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2020).^[245]
A study on the relationship between body size and extinction risk in the marine fossil record across the past 485 million years is published by Payne & Heim (2020).^[246]
A study on the diversification rates of Ordovician animals living on hard substrates, aiming to determine when they experienced their greatest origination rates, is published by Franeck & Liow (2020).^[247]
New information on the biotic composition of the Silurian Waukesha Lagerstätte (Wisconsin, United States) is presented by Wendruff et al. (2020), who report a biodiversity far richer than previously reported, and explore the taphonomic history of the fossils of this biota.^[248]
A study on the diversity dynamics of the marine brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods throughout the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age is published by Seuss, Roden & Kocsis (2020).^[249]
A study comparing the chemistry of fossil soft tissues of invertebrates and vertebrates from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States) is published by McCoy et al. (2020), who report Tullimonstrum gregarium as grouping with vertebrates in their analysis.^[250]
A study on the ages of known early–middle Permian tetrapod-bearing geological formations, as indicated by Bayesian tip dating methods, is published by Brocklehurst (2020), who interprets his findings as supporting the occurrence of the Olson's Extinction.^[251]
A study on global infaunal response to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from trace fossils, is published by Luo et al. (2020).^[252]
A study on changes of marine latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian–Triassic mass extinction is published by Song et al. (2020).^[253]
Description of new fossil material of Late Triassic tetrapods from the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas site (Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina), and a study on the age of tetrapod fossils from this site (including fossils of Pisanosaurus mertii) and their implications for the knowledge of the Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, is published by Desojo et al. (2020).^[254]
A review of the evidence of a major change in ecological community structure during the Carnian, focusing on the temporal links of these biological changes with the Carnian Pluvial Event and on the role of volcanic eruptions and associated climate change as a possible trigger, is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020).^[255]
A study on the dynamics of the Adamanian/Revueltian faunal turnover, based on fossil data from the Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, United States), is published by Hayes et al. (2020).^[256]
Wignall & Atkinson (2020) argue that the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event can be resolved into two distinct, short-lived extinction pulses separated by a several hundred-thousand-year interlude phase.^[257]
A study on changes in shell size of marine bivalves and brachiopods from the Iberian Basin (Spain) across the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, aiming to determine the role of temperature for changes in body size of bivalves and brachiopods, is published by Piazza, Ullmann & Aberhan (2020).^[258]
Foster, Pagnac & Hunt-Foster (2020) describe the Late Jurassic biota from the Little Houston Quarry in the Black Hills of Wyoming, including the vertebrate fauna which is the second-most diverse in the entire Morrison Formation and the most diverse north of Como Bluff.^[259]
A study on the age of the Huajiying Formation (China) and its implications for the knowledge of the timing of appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota is published by Yang et al. (2020).^[260]
A study on the age of the biota from the Cretaceous Burmese amber from Hkamti is published by Xing & Qiu (2020).^[261]
A study on extinction patterns of marine vertebrates during the last 20 million years of the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by fossils from northern Gulf of Mexico, is published by Ikejiri, Lu & Zhang (2020), who report evidence of two separate extinction events: one in the Campanian, and one at the end of the Maastrichtian.^[262]
Rodríguez-Tovar et al. (2020) present evidence from trace fossils from the Chicxulub crater indicating that full recovery of the macrobenthic biota from this area was rapid, with the establishment of a well-developed tiered community within ~700 thousand years.^[263]
A study on the impact of the early Cenozoic hyperthermal events on shallow marine benthic communities, based on data from fossils from the Gulf Coastal Plain, is published by Foster et al. (2020).^[264]
A study on the geology and fauna (including hominins) of the new Mille-Logya site (Afar, Ethiopia) dated to between 2.914 and 2.443 Ma is published by Zeresenay Alemseged et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this site for the knowledge of how hominins and other fauna responded to environmental changes during this period.^[265]
A new, diverse megafauna assemblage that suffered extinction sometime after 40,100 (±1700) years ago is reported from the South Walker Creek fossil deposits (Queensland, Australia) by Hocknull et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this assemblage for prevailing megafauna extinction hypotheses for Sahul.^[266]
A study on ancient DNA of vertebrates and plants recovered from fossils and sediment from Hall’s Cave (Edwards Plateau, Texas, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the climatic fluctuations from the Pleistocene to the Holocene on the local ecosystem, is published by Seersholm et al. (2020).^[267]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of early amniotes, recovering Parareptilia and Varanopidae as nested within Diapsida, will be published by Ford & Benson (2020), who name a new clade Neoreptilia.^[268]
Regional-scale diversity patterns for terrestrial tetrapods throughout their entire Phanerozoic evolutionary history are presented by Close et al. (2020), who attempt to determine how informative the fossil record is about true global paleodiversity.^[269]
A study on the impact of the appearance and evolution of herbivorous tetrapods on the evolution of land plants from the Carboniferous to the Early Triassic is published by Brocklehurst, Kammerer & Benson (2020).^[270]
A study the terrestrial and marine fossil record of Late Permian to Late Triassic tetrapods, comparing species-level tetrapod biodiversity across latitudinal bins, is published by Allen et al. (2020).^[271]
In a study published by Chiarenza et al. (2020)^[272]^[273] the two main hypotheses for the mass extinction (the Daccan Traps and the Chicxulub impact) were evaluated using Earth System and Ecologial modelling, confirming that the asteroid impact was the main driver of this extinction while the volcanism might have boosted the recovery instead.
Saitta et al. (2020) propose a framework for studying sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa, focusing on likely secondary sexual traits and testing against all alternate hypotheses for variation in the fossil record.^[274]
A study evaluating the utility of rare earth element profiles as proxies for biomolecular preservation in fossil bones, based on data from a specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens from the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site (Hell Creek Formation; South Dakota, United States), is published by Ullmann et al. (2020).^[275]

Other research

Evidence indicating that the Great Oxidation Event predated Paleoproterozoic glaciation in Russia and snowball Earth deposits in South Africa is presented by Warke et al. (2020), who argue that their findings preclude hypotheses of Earth’s oxygenation in which global glaciation preceded or caused the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.^[276]
A study on the timing of the onset and termination of the Shuram carbon isotope excursion is published by Rooney et al. (2020), who argue that this excursion was divorced from the rise of the earliest preserved animal ecosystems.^[277]
A study on the causes of the Late Ordovician mass extinction, based on data from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype (Dob's Linn, Scotland), is published by Bond & Grasby (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that this extinction event was caused by volcanism, warming and anoxia.^[278]
Evidence of wildfires at the Frasnian−Famennian boundary is reported from Upper Devonian sections from western New York (United States) by Liu et al. (2020), who also provide an estimate of atmospheric O₂ levels at this interval, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of causes of the Late Devonian extinction.^[279]
A study on the timing of the environmental changes associated with the Kellwasser events is published by Da Silva et al. (2020).^[280]
Evidence of anomalously high mercury concentration in marine deposits encompassing the Hangenberg event from Carnic Alps (Italy and Austria) is presented by Rakociński et al. (2020), who argue that methylmercury poisoning in otherwise anoxic seas, caused by extensive volcanic activity, could be a direct kill mechanism of the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.^[281]
A study on fossil plant spores with malformed sculpture and pigmented walls, recovered from terrestrial Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections from East Greenland, is published by Marshall et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that the terrestrial mass extinction at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary coincided with elevated UV-B radiation indicatice of ozone layer reduction.^[282]
Fields et al. (2020) attempt to determine whether the dramatic drop in stratospheric ozone coinciding with the end-Devonian extinction events was caused by a nearby supernova explosion.^[283]
A study on the age of a pristine ash-fall deposit in the Karoo Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (South Africa) is published by Gastaldo et al. (2020), who report that turnover from the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone to Lystrosaurus AZ in this basin occurred over 300 ka before the end-Permian marine event, and interpret their findings as refuting the concurrentness of turnovers in terrestrial and marine ecosystems at the end of the Permian.^[284]
A study evaluating the contribution of loss of ecosystems on land and consequent massive terrestrial biomass oxidation to atmosphere–ocean biogeochemistry at the Permian–Triassic boundary is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020).^[285]
A study aiming to determine the mechanism that drove vast stretches of the ocean to an anoxic state during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Schobben et al. (2020).^[286]
A study on variations of ~10-Myr scale monsoon dynamics during the early Mesozoic, and on their impact on climate and ecosystem dynamics (including the dispersal of early dinosaurs), is published by Ikeda, Ozaki & Legrand (2020).^[287]
New geochronologic and paleoclimatic data from Carnian-aged strata in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin (Argentina) is presented by Mancuso et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Carnian Pluvial Event interval in western Gondwana was warmer and more humid than periods before or after this interval, confirming that the CPE was a global event.^[288]
A study on the age of the top of the Moenkopi Formation, the lower Blue Mesa Member, and the lower and upper Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation is published by Rasmussen et al. (2020), who argue that the biotic turnover preserved in the mid-Sonsela Member at the Petrified Forest National Park was a mid-Norian event.^[289]
A study on ocean temperatures during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is published by Petryshyn et al. (2020), who report no evidence for short-term cooling or initial warming across the 1-80,000 years of the extinction event.^[290]
Evidence of low ocean sulfate levels at the end-Triassic mass extinction, linked to rapid development of marine anoxia, is presented by He et al. (2020).^[291]
A review of the geology, paleoecology and taxonomic status of the fauna from the Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds of Morocco is published by Ibrahim et al. (2020).^[292]
Klages et al. (2020) report evidence from the West Antarctic shelf indicating the occurrence of a temperate lowland rainforest environment at a palaeolatitude of about 82° S during the Late Cretaceous (Turonian–Santonian).^[293]
A study on the timing of a volcanic outgassing at the end of the Cretaceous, and on its implications for the knowledge of causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, is published by Hull et al. (2020).^[294]
A study on paleosols from the eastern edge of the Deccan Volcanic Province (central India), evaluating their implications for reconstructions of climate and terrestrial environments of India before and after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and for the knowledge of causes of this extinction event, is published by Dzombak et al. (2020).^[295]
A study on the origin, recovery, and development of microbial life in the Chicxulub crater after the impact at the end of the Cretaceous, and on the environmental conditions in the crater up to ∼4 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Schaefer et al. (2020).^[296]
A study on Earth’s climate throughout the Cenozoic era, based on a highly resolved and well-dated record of benthic carbon and oxygen isotopes from deep-sea foraminifera, is published by Westerhold et al. (2020).^[297]
A study on the amount and makeup of the carbon added to the ocean during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, based on geochemical data from planktic foraminifera, is published by Haynes & Hönisch (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that volcanic emissions were the main carbon source responsible for PETM warming.^[298]
A study on the environment at Olduvai Gorge at the emergence of the Acheulean technology 1.7 million years ago, based on data from fossil lipid biomarkers, is published by Sistiaga et al. (2020).^[299]
A study on freshwater fauna and flora found in a sediment sample from the Yuka mammoth carcass, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the waterbody type where the mammoth was preserved and for the knowledge of the nature of the waterbodies that existed in Beringia during the MIS3 climatic optimum, is published by Neretina et al. (2020).^[300]
Partial dentary of a juvenile saurornitholestine dromaeosaurid is described from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation (Alaska, United States) by Chiarenza et al. (2020), representing the first confirmed non-dental fossil specimen of a member of Dromaeosauridae in the Arctic.^[301]
A study on the Neogene paleobotanical record and climate in the northernmost part of the Central Andean Plateau, based on data from the Descanso Formation (Peru), is published by Martínez et al. (2020), who report the earliest evidence of a puna-like ecosystem in the Pliocene and a montane ecosystem without modern analogs in the Miocene, as well as evidence of wetter paleoclimatic conditions than previously estimated by regional climate model simulations.^[302]
Van Neer et al. (2020) report faunal remains from the Takarkori rock shelter in the Acacus Mountains region (Libya), and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the climate and hydrography of the Sahara throughout the Holocene.^[303]
New Mesozoic and Paleogene amber occurrences, preserving diverse inclusions of arthropods, plants and fungi, are reported from Australia and New Zealand by Stilwell et al. (2020).^[304]

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^ Zhifei Zhang; Lars E. Holmer; Yue Liang; Yanlong Chen; Xiaolin Duan (2020). "The oldest "Lingulellotreta" (Lingulata, Brachiopoda) from China and its phylogenetic significance: integrating new material from the Cambrian Stage 3–4 Lagerstätten in eastern Yunnan, South China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (11): 945–973. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1698669. S2CID 214482402.
^ José Amet Rivaz Hernández (2020). "Linnaeocaninella nomen novum for the Middle Permian fossil Caninella Liang, 1990 (Brachiopoda: Productida: Richthofenidae), preoccupied by Caninella Gorsky, 1938 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Bothrophyllidae)". Zootaxa. 4732 (2): 335–336. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4732.2.9. PMID 32230266.
^ Xiaolin Duan; Yue Liang; Lars E. Holmer; Zhifei Zhang (2020). "First report of acrotretoid brachiopod shell beds in the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota of eastern Yunnan, South China". Journal of Paleontology. Online edition: 1–16. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.66.
^ Zhifei Zhang; Luke C. Strotz; Timothy P. Topper; Feiyang Chen; Yanlong Chen; Yue Liang; Zhiliang Zhang; Christian B. Skovsted; Glenn A. Brock (2020). "An encrusting kleptoparasite-host interaction from the early Cambrian". Nature Communications. 11 (1): Article number 2625. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2625Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16332-3. PMC 7266813. PMID 32488075.
^ ^a ^b Huiting Wu; Yang Zhang; Thomas L. Stubbs; Jingqi Liu; Yuanlin Sun (2020). "A new Changhsingian (Lopingian) brachiopod fauna of the shallow‐water clastic shelf facies from Fujian Province, south‐eastern China". Papers in Palaeontology. Online edition. doi:10.1002/spp2.1318.
^ Zhiliang Zhang; Lars E. Holmer; Feiyang Chen; Glenn A. Brock (2020). "Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (19): 1569–1588. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1794991.
^ Bing Pan; Christian B. Skovsted; Glenn A. Brock; Timothy P. Topper; Lars E. Holmer; Luo-Yang Li; Guo-Xiang Li (2020). "Early Cambrian organophosphatic brachiopods from the Xinji Formation, at Shuiyu section, Shanxi Province, North China". Palaeoworld. 29 (3): 512–533. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.07.001.
^ Thomas M. Claybourn; Christian B. Skovsted; Lars E. Holmer; Bing Pan; Paul M. Myrow; Timothy P. Topper; Glenn A. Brock (2020). "Brachiopods from the Byrd Group (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica: biostratigraphy, phylogeny and systematics". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (3): 349–383. doi:10.1002/spp2.1295.
^ ^a ^b Lars E. Holmer; Leonid E. Popov; Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour; Inna A. Klishevich; Yue Liang; Zhifei Zhang (2020). "Linguliform brachiopods from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Karpinsk Formation of Novaya Zemlya". Papers in Palaeontology. Online edition. doi:10.1002/spp2.1314.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Adam S. Osborn; Roger W. Portell; Rich Mooi (2020). "Neogene echinoids of Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 57 (3): 237–469.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Selina R. Cole; David F. Wright; William I. Ausich; Joseph M. Koniecki (2020). "Paleocommunity composition, relative abundance, and new camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte (Upper Ordovician)". Journal of Paleontology. Online edition: 1–21. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.32.
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^ ^a ^b Daniel B. Blake; Forest J. Gahn; Thomas E. Guensburg (2020). "Two new early Asteroidea (Echinodermata) and early asteroid evolution". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 734–747. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.7. S2CID 216220103.
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^ Daniel B. Blake; James Sprinkle (2020). "Arceoaster hintei n. gen. n. sp., a late Silurian homeomorphic asteroid (Echinodermata, Hudsonasteridae)". Journal of Paleontology. Online edition: 1–8. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.57.
^ ^a ^b Joachim Pabst; Hans-Georg Herbig (2020). "An Upper Mississippian echinoderm microfauna from the Genicera Formation of northern León (Carboniferous, Cantabrian Mountains, N Spain)". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 35 (1): 47–76. doi:10.7203/sjp.35.1.17116.
^ ^a ^b Andy Gale (2020). "Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Crackers Member (lower Aptian, Deshayesites forbesi Zone) on the Isle of Wight (UK), with a revision of fossil Pseudarchasteridae". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. in press. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.07.002.
^ ^a ^b Miguel A. Torres-Martínez; Rafael Villanueva-Olea; Francisco Sour-Tovar (2020). "Columnar ossicles of Permian crinoids, including two new genera, from the Grupera Formation (Asselian–Sakmarian) of Chiapas, Mexico". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 72 (2): Article A280819. doi:10.18268/BSGM2020v72n2a280819 (inactive 2020-09-27).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2020 (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Andrew Scott Gale (2020). "Roveacrinidae (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the Cenomanian and Turonian of North Africa (Agadir Basin and Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and central Tunisia): biostratigraphy and taxonomy". Acta Geologica Polonica. 70 (3): 273–310. doi:10.24425/agp.2019.126458.
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[Cyclogrupera-66] Miguel A. Torres-Martínez; Rafael Villanueva-Olea; Francisco Sour-Tovar (2020). "Columnar ossicles of Permian crinoids, including two new genera, from the Grupera Formation (Asselian–Sakmarian) of Chiapas, Mexico". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 72 (2): Article A280819. doi:10.18268/BSGM2020v72n2a280819 (inactive 2020-09-27).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2020 (link)

[Fenestracrinus-67] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Andrew Scott Gale (2020). "Roveacrinidae (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the Cenomanian and Turonian of North Africa (Agadir Basin and Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and central Tunisia): biostratigraphy and taxonomy". Acta Geologica Polonica. 70 (3): 273–310. doi:10.24425/agp.2019.126458.

[68] Samuel Zamora; James Sprinkle; Colin D. Sumrall (2020). "A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65 (3): 455–465. doi:10.4202/app.00718.2019.

[Zamoraetalrhombiferans-69] Samuel Zamora; Elise Nardin; Jorge Esteve; Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco (2020). "New rhombiferan blastozoans (Echinodermata) from the Late Ordovician of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. The Geological Society of London. pp. SP485.10. doi:10.1144/SP485.10. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[70] C.R.C. Paul; J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco (2020). "Enodicalix (Diploporita, Aristocystitidae): A new echinoderm genus from the Middle Ordovician of Spain". Geologica Acta. 18 (3): 1–8. doi:10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.3.

[Isthloucrinus-71] Joseph P. Botting (2020). "Late Ordovician crinoids from the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. The Geological Society of London. pp. SP485.4. doi:10.1144/SP485.4. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[72] Fiona E. Fearnhead; Stephen K. Donovan; Joseph P. Botting; Lucy A. Muir (2020). "A lower Silurian (Llandovery) diplobathrid crinoid (Camerata) from mid-Wales". Geological Magazine. 157 (7): 1176–1180. Bibcode:2020GeoM..157.1176F. doi:10.1017/S0016756819001511.

[73] Enrico Borghi; Paolo Stara (2020). "Revision of the genus Heterobrissus (Echinoidea), with a new species from Sardinia, and redefinition of Heterobrissus niasicus (Doderlein, 1901) in Echinopneustes n. gen". Biodiversity Journal. 11 (1): 263–287. doi:10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.1.263-287.

[PalZStiller-74] Frank Stiller (2020). "Sea lilies of the genera Holocrinus, Tollmannicrinus, and Eckicrinus (order Holocrinida) from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Qingyan, south-western China". PalZ. 94 (3): 545–559. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00505-7. S2CID 209313722.

[JPLazoetal-75] Darío G. Lazo; Graciela S. Bressan; Ernesto Schwarz; Gonzalo D. Veiga (2020). "First articulated stalked crinoids from the Mesozoic of South America: two new species from the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 716–733. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.15. S2CID 218995791.

[Magnasterella-76] Malton Carvalho Fraga; Cristina Silveira Vega (2020). "Asterozoans from the Devonian of the Paraná Basin, south Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 97: Article 102398. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9702398F. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102398.

[77] Lea D. Numberger-Thuy; Ben Thuy (2020). "A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean". Zootaxa. 4820 (1): 19–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.2.

[78] Ben Thuy; Lea Numberger-Thuy; John W.M. Jagt (2020). "A new ophiacanthid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from sublittoral crinoid and seagrass communities of late Maastrichtian age in the southeast Netherlands". PeerJ. 8: e9671. doi:10.7717/peerj.9671. PMC 7450995. PMID 32904070.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[Panidiscus-79] Colin D. Sumrall; Samuel Zamora (2020). "New Upper Ordovician edrioasteroids from Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. The Geological Society of London. pp. SP485.6. doi:10.1144/SP485.6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[80] Graeme R. Stevens (2020). "Paragonaster felli n. sp. (Echinodermata, Asterozoa) and a record of an Ophiuroid from the Early Cretaceous of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. in press: 1–6. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1767163.

[Peckicrinus-81] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Andrew Scott Gale; Jenny Marie Rashall; William James Kennedy; Frank Koch Holterhoff (2020). "The microcrinoid taxonomy, biostratigraphy and correlation of the upper Fredericksburg and lower Washita groups (Cretaceous, middle Albian to lower Cenomanian) of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, USA". Acta Geologica Polonica. in press. doi:10.24425/agp.2020.132256.

[82] Daniel B. Blake; Joseph Koniecki (2020). "Taxonomy and functional morphology of the Urasterellidae (Paleozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata)". Journal of Paleontology. Online edition: 1–24. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.42.

[83] Marine Fau; Loïc Villier; Timothy A. M. Ewin; Andrew S. Gale (2020). "A revision of Ophidiaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874 from the Tithonian of Boulogne (France) and its transfer from the Valvatacea to the new forcipulatacean genus Psammaster gen. nov". Fossil Record. 23 (2): 141–149. doi:10.5194/fr-23-141-2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[84] Ann W. Harris; Frank R. Ettensohn; Jill E. Carnahan-Jarvis (2020). "Paleoecology and taxonomy of Schoenaster carterensis, a new encrinasterid ophiuroid species from the Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) Slade Formation of northeastern Kentucky, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (3): 531–547. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.107. S2CID 216404128.

[85] Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn (2020). "A new large edrioasteroid from the Seifen Formation of the Westerwald, Rhenish Massif (Lower Devonian, Germany)". PalZ. in press. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00526-7. S2CID 221463534.

[86] Alejandra Martínez-Melo; Jesús Alvarado-Ortega (2020). "Vaquerosella perrillatae sp. nov.: A Miocene species of Echinarachniidae (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida) from Baja California Sur, Mexico". Palaeontologia Electronica. 23 (1): Article number 23(1):a14. doi:10.26879/1040.

[87] Bradley Deline; Jeffrey R. Thompson; Nicholas S. Smith; Samuel Zamora; Imran A. Rahman; Sarah L. Sheffield; William I. Ausich; Thomas W. Kammer; Colin D. Sumrall (2020). "Evolution and development at the origin of a phylum". Current Biology. 30 (9): 1672–1679.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.054. PMID 32197083.

[88] Elizabeth G. Clark; John R. Hutchinson; Peter J. Bishop; Derek E. G. Briggs (2020). "Arm waving in stylophoran echinoderms: three-dimensional mobility analysis illuminates cornute locomotion". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (6): Article ID 200191. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700191C. doi:10.1098/rsos.200191. PMC 7353985. PMID 32742688.

[89] Samuel Zamora; Colin Sumrall (2020). "Hexedriocystis, an aberrant echinoderm from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. The Geological Society of London. pp. SP485–2017–213. doi:10.1144/SP485-2017-213. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[90] Adriane R. Lam; Sarah L. Sheffield; Nicholas J. Matzke (2020). "Estimating dispersal and evolutionary dynamics in diploporan blastozoans (Echinodermata) across the great Ordovician biodiversification event". Paleobiology. in press: 1–23. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.24.

[91] Jennifer E. Bauer (2020). "Paleobiogeography, paleoecology, diversity, and speciation patterns in the Eublastoidea (Blastozoa: Echinodermata)". Paleobiology. in press: 1–15. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.27.

[92] Nicolás Mongiardino Koch; Jeffrey R. Thompson (2020). "A total-evidence dated phylogeny of Echinoidea combining phylogenomic and paleontological data". Systematic Biology. in press. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa069. PMID 32882040.

[93] T.J. Suttner; E. Kido; Ya. Ariunchimeg; G. Sersmaa; J.A. Waters; S.K. Carmichael; C.J. Batchelor; M. Ariuntogos; A. Hušková; L. Slavík; J.I. Valenzuela-Ríos; J.-C. Liao; Y.A. Gatovsky (2020). "Conodonts from Late Devonian island arc settings (Baruunhuurai Terrane, western Mongolia)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109099. Bibcode:2020PPP...549j9099S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.001.

[DzikPPP2020-94] Jerzy Dzik (2020). "Ordovician conodonts and the Tornquist Lineament". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109157. Bibcode:2020PPP...549j9157D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.013.

[AlcheringaZhen-95] Yong Yi Zhen (2020). "Revision of the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodonts documented by Watson (1988) from subsurface Canning Basin, Western Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (2): 217–252. doi:10.1080/03115518.2020.1737227. S2CID 218993720.

[PalaeoworldBipennatus-96] Jian-Feng Lu; Peter Königshof (2020). "Eifelian (Middle Devonian) species of Bipennatus from the Beiliu Formation at Nalai, South China". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.002.

[97] Keyi Hu; Nicholas J. Hogancamp; Lance L. Lambert; Yuping Qi; Jitao Chen (2020). "Evolution of the conodont Diplognathodus ellesmerensis from D. benderi sp. nov. at the Bashkirian–Moscovian (lower–middle Pennsylvanian) boundary in South China". Papers in Palaeontology. Online edition. doi:10.1002/spp2.1309.

[98] Yong Yi Zhen; Robert S. Nicoll; Leon S. Normore; Ian G. Percival; John R. Laurie; Louisa M. Dent (2020). "Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Willara Formation in the Canning Basin, Western Australia". Palaeoworld. in press. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.06.006.

[PPQietal-99] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Yuping Qi; James E. Barrick; Nicholas J. Hogancamp; Jitao Chen; Keyi Hu; Qiulai Wang; Xiangdong Wang (2020). "Conodont faunas across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary (Late Pennsylvanian) in South China and implications for the selection of the stratotype for the base of the global Gzhelian Stage". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (3): 439–484. doi:10.1002/spp2.1301.

[100] Viktor Karádi; Andrea Cau; Michele Mazza; Manuel Rigo (2020). "The last phase of conodont evolution during the Late Triassic: Integrating biostratigraphic and phylogenetic approaches". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109144. Bibcode:2020PPP...549j9144K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.045.

[101] Shunxin Zhang (2020). "Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy and revised lithostratigraphy, Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 57 (9): 1030–1047. Bibcode:2020CaJES..57.1030Z. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0006.

[102] L. G. Bondarenko; A. M. Popov (2020). "A new conodont species Scythogondolella dolosa sp. nov. from the Anasibirites nevolini Zone (Lower Triassic) of southern Primorye". Paleontological Journal. 54 (3): 287–289. doi:10.1134/S0031030120030041. S2CID 219959190.

[103] Louise Souquet; Carlo Corradini; Catherine Girard (2020). "Siphonodella leiosa (Conodonta), a new unornamented species from the Tournaisian (lower Carboniferous) of Puech de la Suque (Montagne Noire, France)". Geobios. 61: 55–60. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.06.004.

[104] Sofie A. Gouwy; Thomas T. Uyeno; Alexander D. McCracken (2020). "Tortodus dodoensis, a new conodont species, and a Givetian (Middle Devonian) conodont fauna from the northern Mackenzie Mountains, northwest Canada". PalZ. 94 (2): 327–342. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00462-1. S2CID 198137986.

[105] Aneta Hušková; Ladislav Slavík (2020). "In search of Silurian/Devonian boundary conodont markers in carbonate environments of the Prague Synform (Czech Republic)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109126. Bibcode:2020PPP...549j9126H. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.027.

[106] Mohammad Shohel; Neo E. B. McAdams; Bradley D. Cramer; Tori Z. Forbes (2020). "Ontogenetic variability in crystallography and mosaicity of conodont apatite: implications for microstructure, palaeothermometry and geochemistry". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (7): Article ID 200322. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700322S. doi:10.1098/rsos.200322. PMC 7428274. PMID 32874630. S2CID 220383894.

[107] Pavel P. Skutschas; Veniamin V. Kolchanov; Achim H. Schwermann (2020). "First salamander from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany". Cretaceous Research. 116: Article 104606. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104606.

[108] B. I. Morkovin (2020). "A new benthosuchid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Triassic of the Moscow Syncline". Paleontological Journal. 54 (4): 401–409. doi:10.1134/S0031030120040176. S2CID 221161848.

[109] Per E. Ahlberg; Jennifer A. Clack (2020). "The smallest known Devonian tetrapod shows unexpectedly derived features". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (4): Article ID 192117. Bibcode:2020RSOS....792117A. doi:10.1098/rsos.192117. PMC 7211834. PMID 32431888.

[110] Paula Muzzopappa; Agustín G. Martinelli; Juan P. Garderes; Guillermo W. Rougier (2020). "Exceptional avian pellet from the Paleocene of Patagonia and description of its content: a new species of calyptocephalellid (Neobatrachia) anuran". Papers in Palaeontology. Online edition. doi:10.1002/spp2.1333.

[111] Pavel Skutschas; Veniamin Kolchanov; Sergey Krasnolutskii; Alexander Averianov; Rico Schellhorn; Julia Schultz; Thomas Martin (2020). "A new small-sized stem salamander from the Middle Jurassic of Western Siberia, Russia". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0228610. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1528610S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228610. PMC 7029856. PMID 32074114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[112] Federico Agnolin; Ismar Souza Carvalho; Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando; Fernando E. Novas; José Xavier-Neto; José Artur Ferreira Gomes Andrade; Francisco Idalécio Freitas (2020). "Early Cretaceous neobatrachian frog (Anura) from Brazil sheds light on the origin of modern anurans". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 101: Article 102633. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102633.

[113] V. V. Bulanov (2020). "A new Leptoropha (Kotlassiidae, Seymouriamorpha) species from the Upper Urzhumian of European Russia". Paleontological Journal. 54 (3): 290–296. doi:10.1134/S0031030120030053. S2CID 219959325.

[114] Davit Vasilyan; Vadym Yanenko (2020). "The last Palaeoproteus (Urodela: Batrachosauroididae) of Europe". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): Article number 2733. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.2733V. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59255-1. PMC 7026125. PMID 32066790.

[115] Eliseu Vieira Dias; Sérgio Dias-da-Silva; Cesar Leandro Schultz (2020). "A new short-snouted rhinesuchid from the Permian of southern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 23 (2): 98–122. doi:10.4072/rbp.2020.2.03.

[Steenerpeton-116] Arjan Mann; Bryan M. Gee; Jason D. Pardo; David Marjanović; Gabrielle R. Adams; Ami S. Calthorpe; Hillary C. Maddin; Jason S. Anderson (2020). "Reassessment of historic 'microsaurs' from Joggins, Nova Scotia, reveals hidden diversity in the earliest amniote ecosystem". Papers in Palaeontology. Online edition. doi:10.1002/spp2.1316.

[117] Bryan M. Gee (2020). "Size matters: the effects of ontogenetic disparity on the phylogeny of Trematopidae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (1): 79–113. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz170.

[118] Bryan M. Gee; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "A re‐description of the late Carboniferous trematopid Actiobates peabodyi from Garnett, Kansas". The Anatomical Record. in press. doi:10.1002/ar.24381. PMID 32003550.

[119] Jason S. Anderson; Diane Scott; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "The anatomy of the dermatocranium and mandible of Cacops aspidephorus Williston, 1910 (Temnospondyli: Dissorophidae), from the Lower Permian of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1776720. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1776720.

[120] Arjan Mann; Bryan M. Gee (2020). "Lissamphibian-like toepads in an exceptionally preserved amphibamiform from Mazon Creek". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (6): e1727490. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1727490. S2CID 216173387.

[121] Jade B. Atkins; Peter Sourges; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Robert R. Reisz; Hillary C. Maddin (2020). "Late ontogeny in the small Early Permian amphibamiform dissorophoid Pasawioops mayi". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1772800. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1772800.

[122] Bryan M. Gee; Yara Haridy; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "Histological skeletochronology indicates developmental plasticity in the early Permian stem lissamphibian Doleserpeton annectens". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (4): 2153–2169. doi:10.1002/ece3.6054. PMC 7042763. PMID 32128146.

[123] I. V. Novikov; P. A. Haiduk; A. V. Gribanov; А. N. Ivanov; А. V. Novikov; I. A. Starodubtseva (2020). "The earliest case of neoplastic bone lesion in tetrapods". Paleontological Journal. 54 (1): 68–72. doi:10.1134/S0031030120010074. S2CID 212938753.

[124] Michael W. Maisch (2020). "Aphaneramma kokeni (von Huene, 1920), a lonchorhynchine trematosaurid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Triassic of Pakistan". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 295 (3): 211–241. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0879.

[125] Elżbieta M. Teschner; Sanjukta Chakravorti; Dhurjati P. Sengupta; Dorota Konietzko-Meier (2020). "Climatic influence on the growth pattern of Panthasaurus maleriensis from the Late Triassic of India deduced from paleohistology". PeerJ. 8: e9868. doi:10.7717/peerj.9868.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[126] Dorota Konietzko‐Meier; Elżbieta M. Teschner; Adam Bodzioch; P. Martin Sander (2020). "Pentadactyl manus of the Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Late Triassic of Poland, the first record of pentadactyly among Temnospondyli". Journal of Anatomy. in press. doi:10.1111/joa.13276. PMID 32707603.

[127] Steven L. Wick (2020). "Albanerpetontids (Lissamphibia, Albanerpetontidae) from the Aguja Formation (lower Campanian) of West Texas, USA". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. in press. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0071.

[128] Rainer R. Schoch; Ralf Werneburg; Sebastian Voigt (2020). "A Triassic stem-salamander from Kyrgyzstan and the origin of salamanders". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (21): 11584–11588. doi:10.1073/pnas.2001424117. PMC 7261083. PMID 32393623.

[129] Peter Pogoda; Marcus Zuber; Tilo Baumbach; Rainer R. Schoch; Alexander Kupfer (2020). "Cranial shape evolution of extant and fossil crocodile newts and its relation to reproduction and ecology". Journal of Anatomy. 237 (2): 285–300. doi:10.1111/joa.13201. PMC 7369190. PMID 32297321.

[130] Thomas Mörs; Marcelo Reguero; Davit Vasilyan (2020). "First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): Article number 5051. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5051M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5. PMC 7181706. PMID 32327670.

[131] David C. Blackburn; Rachel M. Keeffe; María C. Vallejo-Pareja; Jorge Vélez-Juarbe (2020). "The earliest record of Caribbean frogs: a fossil coquí from Puerto Rico". Biology Letters. 16 (4): Article ID 20190947. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0947. PMC 7211465. PMID 32264782.

[132] Marcello Ruta; Jennifer A. Clack; Timothy R. Smithson (2020). "A review of the stem amniote Eldeceeon rolfei from the Viséan of East Kirkton, Scotland". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. in press: 1–20. doi:10.1017/S1755691020000079.

[133] Jordi Estefa; Jozef Klembara; Paul Tafforeau; Sophie Sanchez (2020). "Limb-bone development of seymouriamorphs: implications for the evolution of growth strategy in stem amniotes". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: Article 97. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8...97E. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00097. S2CID 215756014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[134] Kayla D. Bazzana; Bryan M. Gee; Joseph J. Bevitt; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "Neurocranial anatomy of Seymouria from Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (5): e1694535. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1694535. S2CID 213842156.

[135] Kayla D. Bazzana; Bryan M. Gee; Joseph J. Bevitt; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "Postcranial anatomy and histology of Seymouria, and the terrestriality of seymouriamorphs". PeerJ. 8: e8698. doi:10.7717/peerj.8698. PMC 7069408. PMID 32195050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[136] Bryan M. Gee; Joseph J. Bevitt; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "Computed tomographic analysis of the cranium of the early Permian recumbirostran 'microsaur' Euryodus dalyae reveals new details of the braincase and mandible". Papers in Palaeontology. in press. doi:10.1002/spp2.1304.

[137] Jozef Klembara; Miroslav Hain; Andrej Čerňanský; David S. Berman; Amy C. Henrici (2020). "Anatomy of the neural endocranium and stapes of Diadectes absitus (Diadectomorpha) from the early Permian of Germany based on the high‐resolution X‐ray microcomputed tomography". The Anatomical Record. in press. doi:10.1002/ar.24376. PMID 31967384.

[Remigiomontanus-138] Frederik Spindler; Sebastian Voigt; Jan Fischer (2020). "Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American representatives". PalZ. 94 (1): 125–153. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00453-2. S2CID 198140317.

[139] Jun Liu; Fernando Abdala (2020). "The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 5. Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., a new peculiar therocephalian". PeerJ. 8: e9160. doi:10.7717/peerj.9160. PMC 7261480. PMID 32523808.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[140] Helke B. Mocke; Leandro C. Gaetano; Fernando Abdala (2020). "A new species of the carnivorous cynodont Chiniquodon (Cynodontia, Chiniquodontidae) from the Namibian Triassic". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (6): e1754231. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1754231. S2CID 220548365.

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@@ Line 1,798: / Line 1,798: @@
 |
 |-
-| ''[[Seifenia]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Peter Müller |author2=Gerhard Hahn |year=2020 |title=A new large edrioasteroid from the Seifen Formation of the Westerwald, Rhenish Massif (Lower Devonian, Germany) |journal=Palz |volume=in press |pages= |doi=10.1007/s12542-020-00526-7 |s2cid=221463534 }}</ref>
+| ''[[Seifenia]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Peter Müller |author2=Gerhard Hahn |year=2020 |title=A new large edrioasteroid from the Seifen Formation of the Westerwald, Rhenish Massif (Lower Devonian, Germany) |journal=PalZ |volume=in press |pages= |doi=10.1007/s12542-020-00526-7 |s2cid=221463534 }}</ref>
 | Gen. et sp. nov
 | In press

THC Science

Bringing Science to the Cannabis Conversation!

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Revision as of 19:43, 27 September 2020

Plants

Sponges

Cnidarians

Arthropods

Bryozoans

Brachiopods

New taxa

Research

Molluscs

Echinoderms

New taxa

Research

Conodonts

New taxa

Research

Fishes

Amphibians

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Research

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New taxa

Research

Mammals

Other animals

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Research

Foraminifera

Other organisms

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Research

Trace fossils

History of life in general

Other research

References