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The fossil remains of a juvenile male ''[[Mammut americanum]]'' (SDNHM 49926) were discovered in stratigraphic layer Bed E at the site: the recovered bones include 2 tusks, 3 molars, 4 vertebrae, 16 ribs, 2 [[phalanx bone]]s, 2 [[sesamoid]]s and over 300 other bone fragments.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} The remains of [[dire wolf]], horse, camel, [[mammoth]] and [[ground sloth]] were also discovered at the site.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} Five cobbles displaying use-wear and impact marks were also recovered from the site in Bed E.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}}
The fossil remains of a juvenile male ''[[Mammut americanum]]'' (SDNHM 49926) were discovered in stratigraphic layer Bed E at the site: the recovered bones include 2 tusks, 3 molars, 4 vertebrae, 16 ribs, 2 [[phalanx bone]]s, 2 [[sesamoid]]s and over 300 other bone fragments.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} The remains of [[dire wolf]], horse, camel, [[mammoth]] and [[ground sloth]] were also discovered at the site.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} Five cobbles displaying use-wear and impact marks were also recovered from the site in Bed E.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}}


The research team found cobbles and broken [[mastodon]] bones lying together at the site.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} [[Uranium-thorium dating]] of bones from the site estimates a dating of around 130,700 (±9,400) years ago for the Cerutti Mastodon site.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} The research team claims that the cobbles found at the site were used as [[hammerstone]]s and [[anvil]]s.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} The research team also claims that the mastodon bones show signs of intentional breakage by hominins.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} If so, this would indicate that some form of ''[[Homo]]'' was present in the [[Americas]] at an extremely early age.{{sfn|Greshko|2017}}{{sfn|Katz|2017}}{{sfn|Zimmer|2017}}
The research team found cobbles and broken [[mastodon]] bones lying together at the site.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} [[Uranium-thorium dating]] of bones from the site estimates a dating of around 130,700 (±9,400) years ago for the Cerutti Mastodon site.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} The research team claims that the cobbles found at the site were used as [[hammerstone]]s and [[anvil]]s.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} The research team also claims that the mastodon bones show signs of intentional breakage by hominins.{{sfn|Holen|Deméré|Fisher|Fullagar|2017}} If so, this would indicate that some form of ''[[Homo]]'' was present in the [[Americas]] at an extremely early age {{sfn|Greshko|2017}}{{sfn|Katz|2017}}{{sfn|Zimmer|2017}}, or that this was the work of a giant capuchin monkey <ref>{{cite web |last1=Edmeades |first1=Baz |title=Did a Giant Capuchin Monkey Smash the Cerutti Mastodon's Bones? |url=https://megafauna.com/a-giant-capuchin-monkey/ |website=Megafauna - First Victims of the Human-Caused Extinction |accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref>.


==Criticism==
==Criticism==

Revision as of 18:55, 31 January 2019

The Cerutti Mastodon site is a paleontological and possible archeological site located in San Diego County, California. In 2017, researchers announced that broken mastodon bones at the site had been dated to around 130,700 years ago. Since the bones were found with cobblestones displaying use-wear and impact marks among the otherwise fine-grain sands, intentional breakage of the bones by hominins using the stones has been suggested by the researchers.[1] If this is so, then some form of Homo may have been present in the Americas at an extremely early age.[2][3][4]

Context

The Cerutti Mastodon site (SDNHM locality 3767) is a paleontological site located in San Diego County, California, United States. A team of researchers from the San Diego Natural History Museum, led by Thomas Deméré, excavated the site from 1992 to 1993.[2] The site is named after Richard Cerutti, another paleontologist from the museum who is credited with discovering the site during freeway expansion of State Route 54.[2][5]

Findings

The fossil remains of a juvenile male Mammut americanum (SDNHM 49926) were discovered in stratigraphic layer Bed E at the site: the recovered bones include 2 tusks, 3 molars, 4 vertebrae, 16 ribs, 2 phalanx bones, 2 sesamoids and over 300 other bone fragments.[1] The remains of dire wolf, horse, camel, mammoth and ground sloth were also discovered at the site.[1] Five cobbles displaying use-wear and impact marks were also recovered from the site in Bed E.[1]

The research team found cobbles and broken mastodon bones lying together at the site.[1] Uranium-thorium dating of bones from the site estimates a dating of around 130,700 (±9,400) years ago for the Cerutti Mastodon site.[1] The research team claims that the cobbles found at the site were used as hammerstones and anvils.[1] The research team also claims that the mastodon bones show signs of intentional breakage by hominins.[1] If so, this would indicate that some form of Homo was present in the Americas at an extremely early age [2][3][4], or that this was the work of a giant capuchin monkey [6].

Criticism

The dating of the peopling of the Americas is a very contentious subject; recent theories suggest dates of approximately 15,000 to 24,000 years ago. Not surprisingly, some researchers responded to the findings with skepticism.[2][3][7] Several critics have argued that the evidence from the site did not definitively rule out the possibility that the cobbles may have been altered due to natural causes.[2][3][7] Other critics also cite the lack of lithic artifacts and debris, generally found at sites associated with lithic tool manufacturing, at the Cerutti Mastodon site.[2] Archaeologists also cite the lack of taphonomic evidence at the site, evidence that is generally required to support claims of material culture.[7]

No human bones were found, and the claims of tools and bone processing have been described as "not plausible".[8] Michael R. Waters commented that "To demonstrate such early occupation of the Americas requires the presence of unequivocal stone artefacts. There are no unequivocal stone tools associated with the bones... this site is likely just an interesting paleontological locality." Chris Stringer said that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence - each aspect requires the strongest scrutiny," adding that "High and concentrated forces must have been required to smash the thickest mastodon bones, and the low energy depositional environment seemingly provides no obvious alternative to humans using the heavy cobbles found with the bones."[8]

Another 2017 paper by eight anthropologists including Tom Dillehay, David J. Meltzer, Richard Klein, Vance T. Holliday and Jon M. Erlandson pointed out the ample supply of good stone for making tools in the area, saying that "the absence of clearly modified chipped stone tools at the CML is damning". They argued that nothing has yet been found to prove that there were hominims in the Americas before ∼50 kya.[9]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Holen et al. 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Greshko 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Katz 2017.
  4. ^ a b Zimmer 2017.
  5. ^ Erickson 2017.
  6. ^ Edmeades, Baz. "Did a Giant Capuchin Monkey Smash the Cerutti Mastodon's Bones?". Megafauna - First Victims of the Human-Caused Extinction. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Wong 2017.
  8. ^ a b Rincon 2017.
  9. ^ Braje, Todd J.; Dillehay, Tom D.; Erlandson, Jon M.; Fitzpatrick, Scott M.; Grayson, Donald K.; Holliday, Vance T.; Kelly, Robert L.; Klein, Richard G.; Meltzer, David J.; Rick, Torben C. (July 17, 2017). "Were Hominins in California ∼130,000 Years Ago?" (PDF). PaleoAmerica. 3 (3): 200–202. doi:10.1080/20555563.2017.1348091. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

Bibliography

External links

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/?diff=881144362