In baseball, earned run average (ERA) is a statistic used to evaluate pitchers, calculated as the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched.[a] A pitcher is men by a baserunner who reached base while batting against that pitcher, whether by hit, base on balls or "walk", or being hit by a pitched ball;[1] an earned run can be charged after the pitcher is relieved if he allows the runner before leaving the game.[2] Runs scored by players who reach base on errors, passed balls, or catcher interference under special circumstances are treated as unearned runs, and do not count towards the pitcher's ERA.[2]
Major League Baseball recognizes the player in each league[b] with the lowest earned run average each season.[c] The first ERA champion in the National League was George Bradley; in the National League's inaugural 1876 season, Bradley posted a 1.23 ERA for the St. Louis Brown Stockings, allowing 78 earned runs in 573 innings pitched.[3] The American League was established in 1901, and Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young led that league with a 1.62 ERA for the Boston Americans during the 1901 season.[4]
Over the course of his 17-year major league career, Lefty Grove led the American League in ERA nine times, with a career single-season low of 2.06 for the 1931 Philadelphia Athletics.[5] Roger Clemens has won the second-most ERA titles, capturing six in the American League and one in the National League.[6] Sandy Koufax led the National League in ERA for five consecutive seasons (1962–1966); Koufax' five awards are the most won consecutively by any player and are tied for the most awards by a player in the National League with Christy Mathewson and Clayton Kershaw.[7][8][9] In the American League, Walter Johnson also won five ERA titles,[10] and Pedro Martínez has won a total of five (four American League and one National League) with two different teams.[11]
The most recent ERA champions are Gerrit Cole in the American League and Blake Snell in the National League.
The lowest single-season ERA in league history was posted by Tim Keefe, whose 0.86 ERA in 105 innings pitched for the National League's Troy Trojans in 1880 led his closest competitor by .52 runs.[12] In the American League, Dutch Leonard's 0.96 ERA is a single-season record.[13] Keefe and Leonard are the only two pitchers ever to allow less than one run per nine innings pitched in a single season. The widest margin of victory for an ERA champion is 1.96 runs, achieved when Martínez' 1.74 ERA led Clemens' 3.70 in the American League during the 2000 season. The largest margin of victory in the National League is 1.26 runs—Dazzy Vance's 2.61 ERA over Carl Hubbell's 3.87 in 1930. The smallest margin of victory for an ERA champion is .009 runs. Although the statistic is traditionally recorded to two decimal places by most sources,[14][15][16] the 1988 American League title was decided by a margin of less than one hundredth of a run when Allan Anderson's ERA of 2.446 (55 earned runs in 202+1⁄3 innings)[17] bested Teddy Higuera's 2.455 mark (62 earned runs in 227+1⁄3 innings).[18] Other contests decided by one hundredth or less include Luis Tiant's 1.91 ERA ahead of Gaylord Perry's 1.92 in 1972[19][20] and Mark Fidrych (2.34) over Vida Blue (2.35) in 1976.[21][22]
Key
[edit]Year | Links to the corresponding "year in baseball" or "Major League Baseball season" article |
---|---|
Leader | Player with the lowest earned run average (ERA) in the league |
Runner-up | Player with the second-best ERA in the league |
League | Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues |
† | Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum |
National League
[edit]![A shoulders-up photograph of a dark-haired man with a thick mustache. He is wearing a dark suit with a dark-patterned tie.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tommy_bond_baseball.jpg/170px-Tommy_bond_baseball.jpg)
![A dark-haired man wearing a black sweater and crownless baseball cap looks into the camera. His hair hangs down over his right side of his forehead, and he has a slight smirk on his face.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Christy_Mathewson2.jpg/170px-Christy_Mathewson2.jpg)
![A man in a baseball cap and V-neck buttoned sweater looks to the left of the image. His sweater and his hat both display the letter "P" in block type, and he holds a baseball bat over his shoulder with both hands.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/GC_Alexander_retouched.jpg/170px-GC_Alexander_retouched.jpg)
![A seated man in a white baseball cap and white baseball uniform shown from the chest up. He is looking to the left of the image. He has a small mustache, and his jersey reads "NEW YORK" in dark block type, partially obscured by a short tie worn around his neck under the collar of his jersey.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AmosRusiecrop.jpg/170px-AmosRusiecrop.jpg)
![A smiling man in a white baseball jersey and dark baseball cap with an interlocked white "LA" on the front.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sandy_Koufax.jpg/170px-Sandy_Koufax.jpg)
![A man in a white baseball uniform with navy blue trim and a navy blue baseball cap throws a baseball from a dirt mound in a stadium with his right hand. His uniform reads "Padres" across the chest in navy blue script trimmed with khaki, and his cap features an interlocked "SD" in white block print. He is wearing a black baseball glove on his left hand.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jake_Peavy_03.jpg/170px-Jake_Peavy_03.jpg)
![A man in a white baseball uniform and a blue baseball cap throws a baseball from a dirt mound on a grass field. He is throwing with his left hand, and there is a black baseball glove on his right hand.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johan_Santana_Mets.jpg/170px-Johan_Santana_Mets.jpg)
![A man in a gray baseball uniform with red trim and navy baseball cap follows through after throwing a baseball from a dirt mound on a grass field with his right hand. His cap has an interlocked "StL" on the front in red type trimmed with white, and he has a black baseball glove on his left hand.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chris_carpenter_10_1_2009_7803.jpg/170px-Chris_carpenter_10_1_2009_7803.jpg)
![](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kershaw2012%2801%29.jpg/170px-Kershaw2012%2801%29.jpg)
Notes
[edit]- a While Baseball-Reference.com lists both Niekro and Joaquín Andújar with an ERA of 2.47 in 1982, Niekro's average is lower (2.467) than Andújar's (2.473) if extended to three decimal places.
American League
[edit]![A man with a lazy right eye is shown from the shoulders up. He is wearing a dark baseball cap on his head with a "C" on the front. His mouth is slightly open showing dirty teeth.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Addie_Joss_1910.jpg/170px-Addie_Joss_1910.jpg)
![A shoulders-up picture of a smiling man in a white baseball uniform. He is wearing a dark-colored baseball cap on his head with a white block "W" on the front.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Walter_Johnson_1924.jpg/170px-Walter_Johnson_1924.jpg)
![A man in a gray baseball uniform looks into the camera; he is wearing a gray baseball cap on his head and his jersey reads "Red Sox" in block type across the chest.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Joe_Wood_1915.jpg/170px-Joe_Wood_1915.jpg)
![A man in a white baseball uniform and white baseball cap follows through after throwing a baseball on a grass field.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Babe_Ruth_pitching.jpg/170px-Babe_Ruth_pitching.jpg)
![A man in a gray baseball uniform and navy blue baseball cap catches a baseball with his bare right hand. His jersey reads "NEW YORK" across the chest in navy blue letters, while his cap sports a white interlocked "NY".His face is heavily stubbled, and he wears a blue baseball glove on his left hand.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/062707_267_Roger_Clemens.jpg/170px-062707_267_Roger_Clemens.jpg)
![A man with dark curly hair stands on a grass field. He is wearing a white baseball jersey with "RED SOX" across the chest in red type.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedro%27s_return.jpg/170px-Pedro%27s_return.jpg)
![A man in a white baseball uniform with red trim throws a baseball from a dirt mound on a grass field. Under his jersey, he is wearing a long-sleeved red shirt with the sleeves pushed up to his elbows. He wears a black baseball glove on his right hand and a red baseball cap on his head.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Lackey_2006.jpg/170px-John_Lackey_2006.jpg)
![A man in a gray baseball uniform and navy-blue cap follows through after throwing a baseball. He is standing with his right leg planted on a dirt mound within a grass field and his left leg raised in the air behind him.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cliff_Lee_Follows_Through.jpg/170px-Cliff_Lee_Follows_Through.jpg)
![A man in a gray baseball uniform and a blue baseball cap throws a baseball with his right hand. His jersey reads "Kansas City" across the chest in blue script, and "23" underneath in block print. He is wearing a black baseball glove on his left hand, and the blue sleeves of his long undershirt hang down over parts of his forearms.](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Zack_Greinke_on_July_29%2C_2009.jpg/170px-Zack_Greinke_on_July_29%2C_2009.jpg)
![](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Justin_Verlander_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Justin_Verlander_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Notes
[edit]- a While Baseball-Reference.com lists both Scarborough and Hall of Famer Bob Lemon with an ERA of 2.82 in 1948, Scarborough's average is lower (2.817) than Lemon's (2.820) if extended to three decimal places.
- b c While Baseball-Reference lists both Anderson and Higuera with an ERA of 2.45 in 1988, Anderson's average is lower (2.446) than Higuera's (2.455) if extended to three decimal places.
- d Until 1981, the rules stated that the number of innings pitched should be rounded to the nearest whole inning. This explains why McCatty was, at the time, awarded the 1981 ERA title although his ERA appears to be slightly higher than that of Stewart.[300]
Footnotes
[edit]- a This is shown in the mathematical formula at right.[1]
- b Recognized "major leagues" include the current American and National Leagues and several defunct leagues—the American Association, the Federal League, the Players' League, and the Union Association.[301]
- c A pitcher must average throwing at least one inning per game scheduled for his team during the season (currently 162 innings per 162 games) to qualify for the ERA title.[302]
See also
[edit]- Adjusted ERA+
- Defense-Independent ERA
- List of Major League Baseball leaders in career ERA
- Run average
References
[edit]- General
- "Hall of Fame Pitching Register". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- "Yearly League Leaders & Records for Earned Run Average". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- Inline citations
- ^ a b Formosa, Dan; Hamburger, Paul (2006). Baseball field guide: an in-depth illustrated guide to the complete rules of baseball. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 228. ISBN 1-56025-700-8.
- ^ a b "The Rules of Scoring: Earned Runs and Runs Allowed" (PDF). Major League Baseball. pp. 114–118. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
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- ^ "1910 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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- ^ "1932 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1933 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1934 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1935 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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- ^ "1941 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1942 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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- ^ "1950 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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- ^ "1954 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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- ^ "1970 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1971 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1972 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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- ^ "1975 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "1976 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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