Yukimarimo are balls of fine frost formed at low temperatures on the Antarctic plateau during weak wind conditions. Yukimarimo were discovered in 1995 at Dome F by the 36th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-36) at temperatures of –59 to –72 °C.[Ref 1][Ref 2] Electrostatic attraction between ice crystals explains the formation of yukimarimo at these low temperatures.[Ref 3]
Name[edit]
Yukimarimo were named by T. Kameda on JARE-36 in 1995. "Yuki" means snow in Japanese, and "marimo" is a ball-like growth of water algae which the yukimarimo resemble.
Formation[edit]
During a storm on the Antarctic plateau, humidity rises above normal levels. After a storm, the temperature drops rapidly and, due to the excess humidity, hoarfrost forms on the surface of the snow. At these low temperatures, electrostatic attraction between the rapidly formed ice crystals is high, due to growth charging during formation. When a light wind blows after the formation of this hoarfrost, the hoarfrost breaks apart and the frost crystals clump together and stick due to the high electrostatic attraction and subsequent fusing of the ice crystals. They then tumble across the snow in a manner similar to tumbleweed.[Ref 3] The sizes of the yukimarimo range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.[Ref 1] [Ref 4]
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Yukimarimo at South Pole Station, Antarctica, in 2008 -
Yukimarimo at Concordia Station, Antarctica, in 2014
See also[edit]
- Snow roller – Large snowball formed by wind action
References[edit]
- ^ a b Kameda, T.; Yoshimi, H.; Azuma, N.; Motoyama, H. (1999). "Observation of "yukimarimo" on the snow surface of the inland plateau, Antarctic ice sheet". Journal of Glaciology. 45 (150): 394–396. Bibcode:1999JGlac..45..394K. doi:10.1017/S0022143000001891. ISSN 0022-1430.
- ^ T. Kameda (2007). "Discovery and reunion with yukimarimo" (PDF). Seppyo (Journal of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice). 69 (3): 403–407.
- ^ a b Nelson, J.; Baker, M. (2003-01-06). "Charging of ice-vapor interfaces" (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions. 3 (1): 41–73. doi:10.5194/acpd-3-41-2003. ISSN 1680-7375.
- ^ Petenko, I. (2016). "Yukimarimo at Dome C, Antarctica". Journal of Glaciology. 62 (233): 593–598. doi:10.1017/jog.2016.30.