Trichome

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Graphidales
A–B Pallidogramme chrysenteron, formerly Phaeographina fukiensis. C–D Sarcographa glyphiza, formerly Graphis glyphiza. Scale bars = 1 mm
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Hazlinszky, F.A. (1884)[1]
Families

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species,[2] which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.[3]

History[edit]

The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae.[1] In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),[4][5][6]

When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species.[7]

Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichemised members and the Ostropales which included mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types.[8]

Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species.[9][10]

The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002;[11] Kalb et al. 2004;[12] Hibbett et al. 2007;[13] Lumbsch et al. 2007;[14] Kirk et al. 2008;[15] Baloch et al. 2010;[16] Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011;[17] Rivas Plata et al. 2012;[18] Lumbsch et al. 2014;[19] Lücking et al. 2017;[20] Wijayawardene et al. 2018).[21]

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic.[22]

Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym.[23] Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.[24][25]

However, Kraichak et al. in 2018,[26] ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families; Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae.[27][28] Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order,[2] Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales.[3][29][30][31]

Description[edit]

Most species in the order are lichens which have a thallus (vegetative tissue) which is crustose and ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped).[32][33]

The Graphidaceae are mostly epiphytic lichens with trentepohlioid photobiont (i.e., filamentous, multicellular green algae from genus Trentepohlia),[34] and graphidoid, distoseptate (forming a layer) ascospores.[35][36]

Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species, Gomphillus calycioides (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over bryophytes.[37]

It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila (Teratosphaeriaceae family) which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera (Graphidaceae family).[29]

Distribution[edit]

They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.[32] Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,[38] from North America (including Florida,[29][39]), South America (including Venezuela,[40] Costa Rica,[41] and Guianas,[42]), Africa (including Kenya,[43] and South Africa,[44]), Asia (including China,[31][45] Vietnam,[46] Sri Lanka,[47] India,[3][48] and Thailand,[49]) Australia,[50][51] and also New Zealand.[5][52]

Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.[37]

Families and genera[edit]

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification.[2] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species:

Diploschistaceae Zahlbr (1905)[edit]

Fissurinaceae (Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch) B.P. Hodk. (2012)[edit]

Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson (1984)[edit]

Graphidaceae Dumort. (1822)[edit]

Redonographaceae (Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch) Lumbsch (2020)[edit]

Thelotremataceae Stizenb. (1862)[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Hazlinszky, F.A. 1884. A Magyar Birodalom Zuzmo-Flórája. Budapest: Kiadja A K. M. Temezsettüdományi tärsulat. v–viii + 1–304.
  2. ^ a b c Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ^ a b c Biju, H.; Sabeena, A.; Nayaka, S. (2021). "New records of Graphidaceae (lichenized fungi) from the Western Ghats of Kerala state, India". Studies in Fungi. 6 (14): 213–223. doi:10.5943/sif/6/1/14. S2CID 245159359.
  4. ^ Bessey, C.E (1907). "A synopsis of plant phyla". Nebraska University Studies. 7 (4): 275–373.
  5. ^ a b "Graphidales Bessey 1907 – Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Shroomers – Graphidales". www.shroomers.app. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  7. ^ Aptroot, A.; Kärnefelt, I.; Tibell, L. (1994). "Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales". Ascomycete Systematics. Boston, MA.: Springer. pp. 393–396.
  8. ^ Sherwood, M.A. (1977). "The Ostropalean fungi". Mycotaxon. 5 (1): 169.
  9. ^ Winka, K.; Ahlberg, C.; Eriksson, O.E. (1998). "Are there lichenized Ostropales?". Lichenologist. 30 (4–5): 455–462. doi:10.1006/lich.1998.0142. S2CID 86821905.
  10. ^ B. Hock (Editor) Fungal Associations (2013), p. 202, at Google Books
  11. ^ Staiger, B. (2002). "Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtungeiner natürlicheren Gliederung". Biblioth. Lichenol. 85: 1–526.
  12. ^ Kalb, Klaus; Staiger, B.; Elix, John (January 2004). "A monograph of the lichen genus Diorygma – A first attempt". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 34: 133–181.
  13. ^ Hibbett, David; Binder, M.; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul; Eriksson, Ove; Huhndorf, S.M.; James, Tanetta; Kirk, Paul M.; Lücking, Robert (November 2006). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5).
  14. ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009.
  15. ^ Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. (2008). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (10 ed.). UK: CABI Europe. pp. 1–771.
  16. ^ Baloch, Elisabeth; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, Thorsten; Wedin, Mats (October 2010). "Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non‐lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes)". Taxon. 59 (5): 1483–1494. doi:10.1002/tax.595013.
  17. ^ Rivas Plata, E.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2011). "Parallel evolution and phenotypic disparity in lichenized fungi: a case study in the lichen-forming fungal family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes: Ostropales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.025. PMID 21605691.
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  21. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Liu, J.K.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Ekanayaka, A.H.; Tian, Q.; Phookamsak, R. (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88: 167–263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8. S2CID 256066125.
  22. ^ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Schmitt, Imke; Palice, Zdenek; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Ekman, Stefan; Wedin, Mats (June 2004). "Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31 (3): 822–32. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.001. PMID 15120381.
  23. ^ Mangold, A.; Martín, M.P.; Lücking, R.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny suggests synonymy of Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)". Taxon. 57: 476–486.
  24. ^ Plata, Eimy Rivas; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Staiger, Bettina; Mangold, Armin; Frisch, Andreas; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Hernández, Jesús E. M.; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Kalb, Klaus; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Common, Ralph S.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (23 April 2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species". MycoKeys. 6: 55–94. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482.
  25. ^ Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 141. ISBN 978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC 429208213.
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  27. ^ Huang, Jen-Pan; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2019). "Accelerated diversifications in three diverse families of morphologically complex lichen-forming fungi link to major historical events". Sci. Rep. 9 (1): 8518. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8518H. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44881-1. PMC 6599062. PMID 31253825.
  28. ^ Behera, Prashant Kumar; Nayaka, Sanjeeva (April 2021). "New Distributional Records to Lichen Biota of Assam, India". Indian Forester. 147 (4): 400–404. doi:10.36808/if/2021/v147i4/152523. S2CID 247340504.
  29. ^ a b c Diederich, Paul; Common, Ralph S.; Braun, Uwe; Heuchert, Bettina; Millanes, Ana; Suija, Ave; Ertz, Damien (2019). "Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 249–282. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0021. S2CID 210075819.
  30. ^ Xavier-Leite, Amanda Barreto; da Silva Cáceres, Marcel Eugenia; Aptroot, André; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Goto, Bruno Tomio (March 2022). "Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 168: 107380. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380. PMID 34999241.
  31. ^ a b Jia, Ze-Feng; Li, Min; Fu, Yu-Ru; Pu, Jing (October–December 2021). "Notes on lichenized fungi of chroodiscoid Thelotremataceae from China". Mycotaxon. 136 (4): 831–840. doi:10.5248/136.831. S2CID 246928530.
  32. ^ a b Michael Allaby (Editor) A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (2012), p. 224, at Google Books
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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphidales&action=edit&redlink=1

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