Lanfang Republic 蘭芳共和國 (Chinese) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1777–1884 | |||||||
National seal: 蘭芳公司 ![]() | |||||||
![]() Map of Kongsi republics in West Borneo | |||||||
Status | Kongsi federation under Sultanate of Pontianak and Mempawah[3] Qing tributary | ||||||
Capital | Dōng Wàn Lǜ (東萬律) (now Mandor ) | ||||||
Common languages | Hakka, Malay, Dayak languages | ||||||
Demonym(s) | Hakka or Lánfāngrén (蘭芳人) | ||||||
Government | Presidential Kongsi republic | ||||||
President | |||||||
• 1777–1795 | Low Lan Pak | ||||||
• 1795–1799 | Jiang Wubo | ||||||
• 1799–1804 | Yan Sibo | ||||||
• 1804–1811 | Jiang Wubo | ||||||
• 1811–1823 | Song Chabo | ||||||
• 1823–1838 | Liu Taiji | ||||||
• 1838–1842 | Gu Liubo | ||||||
• 1842–1843 | Xie Guifang | ||||||
• 1843–1845 | Ye Tenghui | ||||||
• 1845–1848 | Liu Ganxing | ||||||
• 1848–1876 | Liu Asheng | ||||||
• 1876–1880 | Liu Liang | ||||||
• 1880–1884 | Liu Asheng | ||||||
Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||
• Founding | 1777 | ||||||
1823 | |||||||
1884 | |||||||
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Today part of | Indonesia |
History of Indonesia |
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Timeline |
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The Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國; pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet), also known as Lanfang Company (Chinese: 蘭芳公司; pinyin: Lánfāng gōngsī), was a kongsi federation in Western Borneo in the territory of Sultanate of Sambas. It was established by a Hakka Chinese named Low Lan Pak in 1777 until it was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884.
Arrival of the Chinese
[edit]The sultans of Western Borneo, including Sambas, Sukadana, and Landak all imported Chinese laborers in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mines. A number of mining companies enjoyed some political autonomy,[4] but Lanfang is the best known thanks to a history written by Yap Siong-yoen, the son-in-law of the last kapitan of the Lanfang Company, which was translated into Dutch in 1885, and J.J.M. de Groot, a Dutch Sinologist who recorded Lanfang's history with the help of its last President, Liu Asheng.[5][6][7][8][9][10] None of the other Chinese mining organization in western Kalimantan left written accounts; the records of the others were documented by Dutch sinologists.[11]
Rule of Low Lan Pak
[edit]The founding father of the Lanfang Kongsi was Low Fong Pak (羅芳伯), who hailed from Meizhou in Guangdong Province. Chinese settlers have long lived on Borneo, with most engaging in trading and mining. They formed their own companies, among which was the Southern Company headed by Low.
Low established the Lanfang Company in 1777 (with its capital in Mandor), and it quickly emerged as the leading government in the region.[12][13][14][15][16][17] The settlers subsequently elected Low as their inaugural leader. At the beginning of the Low's leadership, he knew they wouldn't survive long on a land surrounded by Western colonizers. To seek protection, Low insisted on claiming Lanfang Republic as a company to seek asylum from the Qing empire. Unfortunately, the Qianlong Emperor didn't accept Low's proposal of becoming the Qing Empire's tributary state but accepted the trade agreement. After Low received the official response from Qianlong, he promptly showcased it as evidence of loyalty to the Qing Empire. This action effectively intimidated the Dutch, forcing them to cease their hostile activities against the Lanfang Republic temporarily.[18] After Low secured the Lanfang Republic's future, he implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had a defense ministry that administered a national militia based on conscription. During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining. Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers (province, prefecture, and county) with the people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the Pontianak Sultanate.[19][20][21][22][23]
Low served as head of state until his death in 1795. Afterwards, Lanfang members elected Jiang Wubo (江戊伯) as their next president. Lanfang citizens elected a total of twelve leaders, who helped improve agricultural techniques, expand mine production, develop cultural education, and organize military training.
Dutch conquest
[edit]In the mid-to-late 19th century, the Chinese Qing Empire weakened substantially. Thus, the Lanfang Company's vigorous development suffered from the eventual expansion of the Dutch. The Mandor community waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang.[24] Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to Sumatra or Singapore. The three campaigns waged by the Dutch East Indies Army against the Lanfang Company:
- Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo (1822–24)
- Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado (1850–54)
- Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo (1884–85)
This last one resulted in the subjugation of the Chinese and the loss of autonomy.
Wary of Qing intervention, the Dutch did not openly annex the lands controlled by the Lanfang Company, and created another puppet regime. It was not until 1912, when the Qing Dynasty collapsed, that the Dutch proclaimed their occupation.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ "Lan Fang Republic". www.asiawind.com. 15 February 1998. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ 高宗熹 (1992). Hakka People, Eastern Jews (in Chinese). 武陵出版有限公司. ISBN 9789573506034.
- ^ "Republik Lanfang, Republik Pertama di Nusantara?". Pinter Politik (in Indonesian). 2021-10-11. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
- ^ 海外華人創建了世上第一個共和國. culture.singtaonet.com (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-04-24. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
- ^ Groot, J.J.M. (1885), Het Kongsiwezen van Borneo: eene verhandeling over den grondslag en den aard der chineesche politieke vereenigingen in de koloniën, The Hague: M. Nijhof.
- ^ Lindsey'& Pausacker & Coppel &Institute of Southeast Asian Studies & Monash Asia Institute 2005, p. 105.
- ^ ed. Gerber &Guang 2006, p. 164.
- ^ ed. Reid & Alilunas-Rodgers 1996, p. 169.
- ^ ed. Blussé & Zurndorfer & Zürcher 1993, p. 288.
- ^ Chin 1981, p. 19.
- ^ Heidhues 2001:169
- ^ Gernet 1996, p. 489.
- ^ YUNOS 2011. Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Eurozone as a Lan Fang Republic" 2012
- ^ Zheng 1982, p. 40.
- ^ Wang 1994, p. 87.
- ^ "The Sarawak Museum Journal, Volume 19" 1971, p. 119.
- ^ 1777年华人在印尼建国 延续百年(图)- 中国新闻网. 07/02/2009. https://news.cctv.com/history/20090702/101580_6.shtml
- ^ "The Sarawak Museum Journal" 1959, p. 671.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 65.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 103.
- ^ Luo & Luo 1941,
- ^ 羅 1961,
- ^ Irwin 1955, p. 173.
Sources
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- Chin, John M. (1981). The Sarawak Chinese (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 0195804708. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Gakuen, Seijō (1967). Uchida, Naosaku; Ikeda, Kōtarō (eds.). Social and economic aspects of Japan: Seijo Gakuen jubilee year, 1917-1967. Economic Institute of Seijo University. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Gerber, James; Guang, Lei, eds. (2006). Agriculture and Rural Connections in the Pacific, 1500-1900. Vol. 13 of The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples And History of the Pacific, 1500–1900 (illustrated ed.). Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 0754639789. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521497817. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Heidhues, Mary F. Somers (2003). Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. 34 of Southeast Asia publications series (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277338. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Irwin, Graham (1955). Nineteenth-century Borneo: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry. Part 15 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. M. Nijhoff. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Lindsey, Timothy; Pausacker, Helen; Coppel, Charles A. (2005). Lindsey, Timothy; Pausacker, Helen; Coppel, Charles A. (eds.). Chinese Indonesians: remembering, distorting, forgetting (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812302867.
- Luo, Xianglin; Luo, Fangbo (1941). Luo Fangbo suo jian Boluozhou Kundian Lanfang da zong zhi kao (illustrated ed.). Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- 羅, 香林 (1961). 西婆羅洲羅芳伯等所建共和國考. 中國學社. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig (1997). Jahrbuch des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig, Volume 41. Lit-Verlag. ISBN 3825834328. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Oelschlägel, Anett C.; Nentwig, Ingo; Taube, Jakob, eds. (2005). "Roter Altai, gib dein Echo!": Festschrift für Erika Taube zum 65. Geburtstag (in German). Contributor: Erika Taube. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISBN 3865830625. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Zhang, Delai (2002). The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey of Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State. Sabah Theological Seminary. ISBN 9834084005. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Zheng, Dekun (1969). Archaeology in Sarawak (illustrated ed.). Heffer. ISBN 0852700113. Archived from the original on Jul 20, 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- "The Eurozone as a Lan Fang Republic". Manifesta Journal. 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- The Sarawak Museum Journal. Vol. 9 of The Sarawak Museum Journal: For the Promotion of Scientific Knowledge and Study of the Natives and Natural History of the Island of Borneo, Sarawak Museum. Contributor: Sarawak Museum. Sarawak Museum. 1959. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - The Sarawak Museum Journal, Volume 19. Sarawak Museum (Contributor). Sarawak Museum. 1971. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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:|author=
has generic name (help) - Excerpta Indonesica, Issues 58-62. Contributors: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Bibliotheek. Centre for Documentation of Modern Indonesia, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. 1998. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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: CS1 maint: others (link) - Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, Volume 75; Volume 77c. Contributors: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, Tokyo. 1979. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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: CS1 maint: others (link) - Revue bibliographique de sinologie, Volumes 6-7 (in French). Contributors: Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Ecole pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. 1988. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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External links
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