The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Prior to 17th century[edit]
| History of the Netherlands |
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- 2700~2750 BC - age of neolithic shards of Bell Beaker culture pottery found under Rokin
- 2200~2000 BC - age of granite grinding stone found under Damrak
- 10th c. - Farmers settling at upstream Amstel
- 1105 - Wolfger van Amstel mentioned in a document as scultetus of "Amestelle" (Amstelland).
- 1170 - All Saint's Flood made settlement possible at the banks of downstream Amstel
- 1213 - Founding Oude Kerk in this settlement
- 1270 - Dam built in Amstel River (approximate date).
- 1275 - "Amestelledamme" ('at the dam of Amstelland') appears in a document.
- 1303 - Siege of Amsterdam
- 1306 - Amsterdam granted city rights.[1] Oude Kerk consecrated.
- 1345 - 15 March: Alleged "Miracle of Amsterdam" occurs.
- 1347 - Heilige Stede chapel built.
- 1408 - Nieuwe Kerk (church) construction begins.[2]
- 1421 - Fire.
- 1425 - Singel canal dug.[3]
- 1452 - Fire.
- 1470 - Agnietenklooster built.
- 1487 - Schreierstoren built.
- 1490s - Brick city wall built.[4]
- 1516 - Montelbaanstoren built.
- 1518 - Egelantier formed (approximate date).
- 1535 - 10 May: Anabaptist riot occurs; "fanatics ran about the streets naked."[4][1]
- 1566 - Beeldenstorm.
- 1568 - Amsterdam supports Catholics in the Dutch Revolt.
- 1575 - Erven Lucas Bols in business.[5]
- 1578
- Alteratie shifts power from Catholics to Protestants.
- Prinsenhof (Amsterdam) built.[6]
- 1585 - City expands beyond the Singel.[2]
- 1586 - Admiralty of Amsterdam formed.
- 1596 - Rasphuis (prison) established.[7]
17th century[edit]
- 1601 - Goldsmith's guild established.[8]
- 1602 - Amsterdam Stock Exchange and Dutch East India Company founded.[2]
- 1603 - Hendrick de Keyser becomes city architect.[9]
- 1606 - Oost-Indisch Huis built.
- 1607 - English Reformed Church established.
- 1609 - Bank of Amsterdam established.[10][11]
- 1611 - Koopmansbeurs built.
- 1613 - Grachtengordel development begins.[3]
- 1614 - Nieuwmarkt created.
- 1617
- First Dutch Academy formed.
- Korenbeurs built.
- Town gate remodeled as Weigh House.
- 1619 - Westerhal built.[12]
- 1620
- Munttoren and Korenmetershuisje (Amsterdam) built.
- English-language Corrant out of Italy, German, Etc. newspaper begins publication.[13]
- 1621 - Dutch West India Company founded.
- 1622 - Cromhouthuizen built.
- 1631 - Artist Rembrandt moves to Jodenbreestraat in Amsterdam.[9]
- 1632 - Athenaeum Illustre formed.
- 1633 - Oude Lutherse Kerk built.
- 1637 - Schouwburg of Van Campen (theatre) built.
- 1638
- Hortus Medicus founded.
- Accijnshuis built.
- 1641 - Saaihal (Amsterdam) built on Staalstraat (Amsterdam).
- 1642 - Rembrandt's artwork The Night Watch shown in the Kloveniersdoelen.[9]
- 1651 - St. Peter's Flood.
- 1652 - 7 July: City Hall burns down.
- 1655 - New City Hall built on Dam Square.
- 1662
- Trippenhuis and Weesperpoort (gate) built.
- Blaeu's Atlas Maior published.
- 1663 - Bubonic plague outbreak.
- 1665 - New theatre opens.
- 1672 - Johannes Hudde becomes mayor.
- 1675 - Portuguese Synagogue built.[14]
- 1679 - Wynand-Fockink in business.[5]
- 1682 - Begijnhof Chapel and Amstelhof built.
- 1683 - Society of Suriname established.
- 1691 - Skinny Bridge built.
- 1696 - Aansprekersoproer riots
18th century[edit]
- 1748
- Pachtersoproer riots
- Demands from Doelistenmovement
- 1765 - Amsterdam Academy of Drawing founded.[9]
- 1774 - Theatre opens on the Leidseplein.
- 1776 - Felix Meritis society[15][16] and Society for the Advancement of Agriculture[17] established.
- 1780 - Maagdenhuis built.
- 1785 - Seamen's Institute, and Society for Public Welfare organized.[15]
- 1787 - Prussians in power.[2]
- 1794
- 1795 - January: French in power.[18]
- 1800 - Barrack of St. Charles built.[19]
19th century[edit]
- 1808
- Amsterdam becomes capital of Kingdom of Holland, client state of the French Empire.
- City Hall becomes the Royal Palace.[2]
- Royal Institute of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts founded.[17]
- 1813 - Oranje-Nassau Kazerne (military barrack) built.
- 1814
- Amsterdam becomes capital of the Netherlands.
- Rijks-Museum relocates to the Trippenhuis building.[6]
- Bank of the Netherlands headquartered in city.[10]
- 1815
- Doelen Hotel in business.
- Population: 180,179.[2]
- 1824 - Netherlands Trading Society headquartered in city.[10]
- 1825
- North Holland Canal constructed.[20]
- Amsterdamsche Stoomboot Maatschappij established
- 1838 - Zoo opens.[15]
- 1839
- Amsterdam–Haarlem railway begins operating.[1]
- Station d'Eenhonderd Roe opens.
- Arti et Amicitiae society organized.[15]
- 1840
- Coster Diamonds founded.
- Willemspoort (gate) built.
- 1841 - Mozes en Aäronkerk (church) rebuilt.
- 1843 - Station Amsterdam Weesperpoort opens.
- 1845 - Zocher Stock Exchange built.[6]
- 1852 - Bijbels Museum founded.
- 1853 - City "water supply" begins.[2]
- 1854 - Royal Asscher Diamond Company founded.
- 1855 - Arti et Amicitiae constructed.
- 1856
- Amsterdam–Arnhem railway constructed.
- De Eendracht war memorial erected.
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Stoomboot-Maatschappij (shipping company) established.
- 1862 - Bloemenmarkt founded.
- 1863 - Museum Fodor opens.
- 1864 - Crystal Palace built on the Frederiksplein (Amsterdam).[18]
- 1866 - Population: 264,498.[21]
- 1867
- Heineken brewery built.
- Amstel Hotel opens.
- 1869 - Netherlands Bank building constructed.[15]
- 1870
- Rijksakademie, De Bijenkorf shop, and Amstel Brewery founded.
- Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (steamship line) in business.
- 1872 - Construction of the first social housing project, de Dubbeltjespanden
- 1874
- Amsterdam–Zutphen railway constructed.
- Amsterdamse Toneelschool established.
- 1875 - Amsterdamsche Vereeniging tot het bouwen van Arbeiderswoningen housing association formed.
- 1876
- North Sea Canal opens.[18]
- Population: 281,944.[6]
- 1877 - Municipal University of Amsterdam and Teekenschool voor Kunstambachten founded.
- 1878 - Den Helder–Amsterdam railway begins operating.
- 1880 - Vrije Universiteit established.[15]
- 1881
- Telephone in operation.[1]
- AVA-woonblok D,E,F,G housing built in Czaar Peterbuurt.
- Stille Omgang revived.
- 1882 - Spui square created.
- 1883
- May: International Colonial and Export Exhibition opens.[18]
- Parkschouwburg (Amsterdam) (theatre) built.
- Prins Hendrikplantsoen (park) laid out.
- 1884
- Amsterdamsch Conservatorium founded.
- Population: 361,326.[22]
- 1885 - Rijksmuseum opens.
- 1886 - July: [[Palingoproer]] eel riot occurs.[23][18]
- 1887
- Orange riots.[citation needed].
- Elsevier publisher in business.[24]
- Basilica of St. Nicholas built.
- 1888 - Concertgebouw built, and Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra founded.[25]
- 1889 - Amsterdam Centraal railway station opens.[15]
- 1890 - Victoria Hotel, Amsterdam in business.
- 1893 - Economic unrest.[18]
- 1894 - Stadsschouwburg rebuilt.[15]
- 1895
- Wereldtentoonstelling voor het Hotel- en Reiswezen (exhibit) held.[18]
- Museum Willet-Holthuysen[15] and Catholic Ignatius Gymnasium (school) established.
- 1896 - Hotel de l'Europe in business on the Nieuwe Doelenstraat (Amsterdam).
- 1900
- Gemeentetram Amsterdam tramway established.
- Amstelodamum historical society and AFC Ajax football club formed.
- Population: 523,557.[15]
20th century[edit]
1900-1939[edit]
- 1903
- Railroad Strike.[18]
- Beurs van Berlage built.
- 1904 - August: International Socialist Congress held.
- 1906 - Amsterdam Wind Orchestra ATH formed.
- 1907 - Nöggerath cinema[26] and Het Houten Stadion (stadium) open.
- 1911 - Rembrandt House Museum opens.
- 1914 - Harry Elte Stadium and De Groote Club on Kalverstraat built.
- 1915
- De Bijenkorf (Amsterdam) department store built.
- Querido Verlag (publisher) in business.
- 1917
- 1917 potato riot.[1]
- Amsterdam-Zuid development begins per Plan Zuid.
- 1919
- Public library opens.
- Het Schip apartment building erected.
- Disteldorp and Vogeldorp areas built in Amsterdam-Noord.[27]
- Population: 647,120.[28]
- 1920
- Construction of the Defence Line of Amsterdam completed.
- Muzieklyceum and Rialto cinema[26] established.
- 1921
- Buiksloot, Nieuwendam, Ransdorp, Sloten, and Watergraafsmeer annexed.
- Tuschinski cinema built.[26]
- 1923 - Tuindorp Oostzaan area built.[27]
- 1924.
- Institute of Applied Art formed.
- National Vocational School for Pastry Chefs opens.
- 1925 - Tooneelmuseum (stage museum) founded.[29]
- 1926
- Amsterdam Museum established.
- Royal Tropical Institute building constructed[30]
- HEMA (store) in business on Kalverstraat.
- 1927 - American Women's Club Amsterdam founded.[31]
- 1928 - Summer Olympics held.
- 1929 - Palace of National Industry burns down.[12]
- 1932 - Joods Historisch Museum opens.
- 1933 - Alhambra Theater opens.[26]
- 1934
- July: Jordaan riot.[1][23]
- Allard Pierson Museum opens.
- 1935
- International Institute for Social History established.[32]
- City Theater (Amsterdam) cinema opens.
- 1936 - Cineac Theatre built.[33]
- 1939
- Amsterdam Amstel railway station opens.
- Apollo House (Amsterdam) built.
World War II[edit]
- 1940
- 11 May: Bombing of Amsterdam by the Luftwaffe
- German occupation begins
- Het Parool newspaper begins publication.[34]
- 1941
- February strike.[1]
- Central Office for Jewish Emigration in the Netherlands begins operating.
- 1943
- 27 March: 1943 Amsterdam registry attack.
- July: Bombing of Amsterdam-Noord.
- 1944 - 4 August: Frank family arrested.
- 1945
People celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands at the end of World War II on 8 May 1945. - 18 January: Executions on the Fusilladeplaats Rozenoord begin.
- 5 May: German occupation ends.
- 7 May: Shooting on Dam square, Amsterdam.
- Filmtheater Kriterion opens.[26]
- De Volkskrant newspaper in publication.
- 1946 - Dutch Historic Film Archive founded.
- 1947
- The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank is published.
- Holland Festival begins.
1950s-1990s[edit]
- 1952
- May: Amsterdam–Rhine Canal opens.[1]
- DOK (discothèque) active.
- Filmmuseum founded.
- 1956 - National Monument erected in Dam Square.
- 1957 - Horecava hospitality trade fair begins.
- 1958 - Netherlands Film and Television Academy founded.
- 1960
- Anne Frank House museum established on the Prinsengracht.
- Academie voor Kleinkunst (school) founded.
- Uitzendbureau Amstelveen employment agency in business.
- 1961 - Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre opens.
- 1962 - Hilton Hotel in business.
- 1965 - Counterculture Provo (movement) begins.[35]
- 1966
- 13–14 June: Telegraafrellen (labor unrest) occurs.[1]
- Weesperkarspel annexed.
- 1967 - Catholic Theological University of Amsterdam established.[36]
- 1968
Protest against the Vietnam War in Amsterdam, April 1968 - Art & Project gallery opens.
- Theaterschool founded.[37]
- 1969
- March: Bed-In for Peace held.[38]
- May: Student protest occurs at the University of Amsterdam Maagdenhuis.[1]
- STEIM cultural venue established.
- 1970 - Population: 807,095.
- 1971 - Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station opens.
- 1972 - In-Out Centre opens.[39]
- 1973 - Van Gogh Museum opens.[40]
- 1975
- Flag of Amsterdam design adopted.
- Rainbow Foundation,[41] De Appel art centre, and Other Books and So founded.[39][42]
- Amsterdam Marathon and SAIL Amsterdam begin.
- 1976 - Sweelinck Conservatorium formed.
- 1977
- 9 May: Hotel Polen fire.
- Amsterdam Metro begins operating.
- Uitmarkt begins[43]
- 1978 - MonteVideo founded.
- 1979
- Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra founded.[44]
- Huis van Bewaring I (Weteringschans) (prison) closed.
- 1981 - 21 November: Protest against stationing of NATO missiles.[1]
- 1984
- Social unrest.[3]
- Amsterdam Fantastic Film Festival begins.
- 1985 - Annual contemporary art fair begins.
- 1986
- Amsterdam–Schiphol railway begins operating.
- Stopera opera hall opens.
- 1987 - Amsterdamse Poort (shopping centre) opens.
- 1988
- International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam begins.
- Stopera city hall opens.
- 1990 - Population: 695,221.
- 1991
- Museum Geelvinck-Hinlopen established.
- Museum Jan van der Togt opens.
- 1992
- 4 October: Airplane crash in Bijlmermeer.[1]
- Miniature Museum founded.
- 1993 - La Rive and Boom Chicago founded.
- 1994
- Conservatorium van Amsterdam and Prostitution Information Center founded.
- SMART Project Space opens.
- 1996
- Amsterdam Gay Pride begins.
- Amsterdam Arena built.
- 1997
- 2 October: EU treaty signed in city.[1]
- Henk Sneevlietweg metro station opens.
- IJburg residential archipelago construction begins.[45]
- 1999 - OT301 squat begins.
- 2000
- Prostitution in the Netherlands legalized.
- Euronext founded.
21st century[edit]
- 2001
- 1 April: First legalized same-sex marriage in the Netherlands occurs.[46]
- Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam and Heineken Music Hall open.
- Job Cohen becomes mayor.[47]
- 90 Square Meters opens its first shop
- 2004 - 2 November: Filmmaker Van Gogh killed on Linnaeusstraat.
- 2006 - Amsterdam Film eXperience begins.
- 2007
- KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival begins.
- Diamond Museum Amsterdam opens.
- Centrale Bibliotheek moves into new building.
- Amsterdam City Archives relocates to De Bazel building.
- De Schreeuw memorial erected in the Oosterpark.[38]
- 2008 - Amsterdam Holendrecht railway station opens.
- 2009 - H'ART Museum opens.
- 2010 - Eberhard van der Laan becomes mayor.[47]
- 2011 - February: Retrial of Geert Wilders begins in the Rechtbank Amsterdam (court).[46]
- 2012
- 21 April: Sloterdijk train collision.
- EYE Film Institute Netherlands opens.
- 2014
- 17 July: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 departs from Amsterdam, later crashes in Ukraine.[46]
- 2014 Amsterdam drug deaths occur.
- 2015
- February: University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis occupations (student protest) occur.
- Regeneration of Frederik Hendrikplantsoen
- 2019
- December: The start of Stichting Nederlied for special dutch language theatre
- 2024 - March. Opening of the Dutch National Holocaust Museum
Images[edit]
-
Portrait of the syndics of the Amsterdam Goldsmiths Guild, established in 1601 (painting from 1627) -
Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons anatomy lesson on 31 January 1632 -
Stadhuis on fire, 7 July 1652 -
![Aviary, Blauw Jan Inn, Amsterdam, ca.1700[48]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Aviary_of_the_Blauw_Jan_Inn_by_Isaac_de_Moucheron_Gemeentearchief_Amsterdam.png/264px-Aviary_of_the_Blauw_Jan_Inn_by_Isaac_de_Moucheron_Gemeentearchief_Amsterdam.png)
Aviary, Blauw Jan Inn, Amsterdam, ca.1700[48] -
Train begins operating, 1839 -
Centraal Station, Amsterdam, ca.1890s -
Labor unrest, 1966
![Aviary, Blauw Jan Inn, Amsterdam, ca.1700[48]](https://thcscience.wiki/term/cannabaceae/cannabis/cannabis-ruderalis/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAviary_of_the_Blauw_Jan_Inn_by_Isaac_de_Moucheron_Gemeentearchief_Amsterdam.png)
See also[edit]
- History of Amsterdam
- List of mayors of Amsterdam
- List of rijksmonuments in Amsterdam
- Walls of Amsterdam
- Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century
- List of streets in Amsterdam
- Timelines of other municipalities in the Netherlands: Breda, Delft, Eindhoven, Groningen, Haarlem, The Hague, 's-Hertogenbosch, Leiden, Maastricht, Nijmegen, Rotterdam, Utrecht
- History of urban centers in the Low Countries
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chambers 1901.
- ^ a b c Rough 2015.
- ^ a b Overall 1870.
- ^ a b Baedeker 1891.
- ^ a b c d Murray 1876.
- ^ Mitchel P. Roth (2006). "Chronology". Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32856-5.
- ^ Oscar Gelderblom (2013). Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250-1650. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4859-1.
- ^ a b c d "Low Countries, 1600–1800 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ a b c McCulloch 1880.
- ^ Glyn Davies; Roy Davies (2002). "Comparative Chronology of Money" – via University of Exeter.
- ^ a b "Vanished Amsterdam". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Steven Anzovin; Janet Podell, eds. (2000). Famous First Facts. H.W. Wilson Co. ISBN 0824209583.
- ^ "Amsterdam". Four hundred years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Britannica 1910.
- ^ Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co. pp. 87–110.
- ^ a b Jim Parrott (ed.). "Chronology of Scholarly Societies". Scholarly Societies Project. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Haydn 1910.
- ^ Coghlan 1863.
- ^ Dougill 1931.
- ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
- ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1885. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590469.
- ^ a b "Civil Unrest". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Reed Elsevier Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.
- ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
- ^ a b c d e "Movie Theaters in Amsterdam". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ a b Haffner 2009.
- ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
- ^ "Van Tooneelmuseum naar Theatermuseum" (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Theater Instituut Nederland. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Paul Groenendijk; Piet Vollaard (2006), Architectural Guide to the Netherlands: 1900-2000, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, ISBN 906450573X
- ^ "International groups & clubs". I amsterdam. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Peter Beilharz (May 1990). "The Amsterdam Archive". Labour History. 58.
- ^ Helen Searing (1983). "The Dutch Scene: Black and White and Red All over". Art Journal. 43 (2): 170–177. doi:10.1080/00043249.1983.10792218. JSTOR 776652.
- ^ "Netherlands". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
- ^ "Timeline Dutch History". Rijksmuseum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ Walter Rüegg [in German], ed. (2011). "Universities founded in Europe between 1945 and 1995". Universities Since 1945. History of the University in Europe. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49425-0.
- ^ De Theaterschool. "Geschiedenis". Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Famous". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ a b Delhaye 2010.
- ^ "Low Countries, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ "25 jaar Stichting de Regenboog" (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Stichting De Regenboog. Archived from the original on 5 February 2001.
- ^ "Profile: Other Books and so". Umbrella. 1. USA. 1978. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ "Festivities". Amsterdam Treasures. Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
- ^ "Amsterdam's Bold Housing Solution: 10 Artificial Islands", CityLab, USA: Atlantic Monthly Group, June 2015
- ^ a b c BBC News (17 April 2012). "Netherlands Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- ^ a b "Mayor of Amsterdam". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Angela Vanhaelen (2004). "Local Sites, Foreign Sights: A Sailor's Sketchbook of Human and Animal Curiosities in Early Modern Amsterdam". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics (45): 256–272. JSTOR 20167631.
This article incorporates information from the Dutch Wikipedia.
Bibliography[edit]
- Francis Coghlan (1863), "Amsterdam", Coghlan's Illustrated Guide to the Rhine (18th ed.), London: Trubner & Co.
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Amsterdam". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
- "Amsterdam", Handbook for travellers in Holland and Belgium (19th ed.), London: John Murray, 1876, OCLC 221452961
- John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Amsterdam", in Hugh G. Reid (ed.), A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
- "Amsterdam", Belgium and Holland (3rd ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1891, OCLC 5624932
- "Amsterdam". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5bc48059.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 896–898.
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Amsterdam", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t
- W. Dougill (May 1931). "Amsterdam: Its Town Planning Development". Town Planning Review. 14 (3): 194. doi:10.3828/tpr.14.3.e7305921l6228626.
- Marietta Haffner; Marja Elsinga (2009). "Deadlocks and breakthroughs in urban renewal: a network analysis in Amsterdam". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 24 (2): 147–165. doi:10.1007/s10901-009-9137-1. JSTOR 41107458.
- Christine Delhaye (2010), "Towards Cultural Diversity in Amsterdam's Arts", in Liza Nell; Jan Rath (eds.), Ethnic Amsterdam: immigrants and urban change in the twentieth century, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 9789089641687
- Guides, Rough (2015). "Chronology". Pocket Rough Guide Amsterdam (3rd ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-21445-9.
External links[edit]
- "All buildings in the Netherlands, shaded according to year of construction". Amsterdam: Waag Society. (map that includes Amsterdam)
- Europeana. Items related to Amsterdam, various dates
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