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{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}} |
{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi (1863–1943)}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} |
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| honorific_prefix = Hakim al-Ummat, [[Mujaddid|Mujaddidul Millat]] |
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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}} |
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| name = Ashraf Ali Thanwi |
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{{Infobox religious biography |
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| native_name = اشرف علی تھانوی |
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| native_name_lang = ur |
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| name = Ashraf Ali Thanwi |
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| birth_name = Abd al-Ghani |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1863|08|19}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL3189450A/Maulana_Muhammad_Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi|title=Maulana Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi}}</ref> |
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| caption = |
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| birth_place = [[Thana Bhawan]], Muzaffarnagar, [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] |
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| honorific_prefix = Hakim al-Ummah<br>[[Mawlānā|Mawlana]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1943|07|20|1863|09|19}} |
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| father = Abdul Haq |
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| birth_place = [[Thana Bhawan]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br/> (Today [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]) |
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| mother = |
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| spouse = 2 |
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| death_place = [[Thana Bhawan]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br/> (Today Uttar Pradesh, India) |
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| children = |
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| resting_place = [[Thana Bhawan]], [[Muzaffarnagar]] |
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| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |
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| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography |
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|embed = yes |
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|denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] |
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|Maddhab = [[Hanafi]] |
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|creed = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/wdi/60/2-3/article-p293_6.xml?language=de#FN000073|title=Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām|year=2020|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/15700607-06023P06|last1=Bruckmayr|first1=Philipp|journal=Die Welt des Islams|volume=60|issue=2–3|pages=293–324|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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|movement = [[Deobandi]] |
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|nationality = [[British Indians|British Indian]] |
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|main_interests = [[Sufism]], [[Ethics|Moral Philosophy]], [[Islamic revival]], [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]], [[Hadith]], [[Prophetic biography]] |
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| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |
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|notable_works = [[Majlis-e Dawatul Haq]] |
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| main_interests = [[Tasawwuf]] |
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|literary_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'' (1908)|''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''|''[[Imdad al-Fatawa]]''|''[[Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr al-Nabi al-Habib]]'' (1912)}} |
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| notable_ideas = Reformation, Moderation, and Islamisation of every aspect of life. |
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|disciple_of = [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] |
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| works = ''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'', ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]'' |
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|disciples = [[Abdul Hai Arifi]], [[Athar Ali Bengali]], [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], [[Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri]], [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]], [[Shah Ahmad Hasan]], [[Muhammadullah Hafezzi]], [[Khair Muhammad Jalandhari]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Maqsudullah]], [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Habibullah Qurayshi]], [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Shah Abd al-Wahhab]],<ref name="ahmad">{{cite book|url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/115714/alhillul-mufham-asshahihu-limuslim |title=মাশায়েখে চাটগাম|volume=2|author1=Ullah, Ahmad|author2=Qadir, Ridwanul|chapter=কুতুবুল আলম হাকীমুন নফস, খলীফায়ে থানভী আল্লামা শাহ আবদুল ওয়াহহাব রহ. (১৮৯৪—১৯৮২) - এর সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনচরিত |date=February 2018|publisher=Ahmad Prakashan|location=11/1, Islami Tower, [[Bangla Bazar]], [[Dhaka]]-1100|pages=35–54|isbn=978-984-92106-4-1|edition=1}}</ref> [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] |
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| students = [[Khair Muhammad Jalandhari]]<br>[[Habibullah Qurayshi]]<br>[[Athar Ali Bengali]] |
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|influenced = [[Muhammad Iqbal]],<ref name=":iqbal">{{Cite book |last=Wahid |first=Abdul |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maqalat-e-iqbal-abdul-wahid-ebooks |title=Maqalat-e-iqbal |publisher=Tufail Art Printers |year=1982 |location=Lahore |pages=180 |language=ur}}</ref> [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar]], [[Badre Alam Merathi]] |
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| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]]<br>[[Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]]<br>Fateeh Muhammad Jalandhri |
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| influenced = [[Shamsul Haque Faridpuri]]<br>[[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]]<br>[[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]]<br>Jameel Ahmad Thanwi<br>[[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]<br>[[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]]<br>the later generations of the [[Deobandi]] scholars. |
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| website = |
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| death_place = [[Thana Bhawan]], Muzaffarnagar, [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] |
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}} |
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'''Ashraf Ali Thanwi''' (often referred as '''Hakimul Ummat'''{{efn|Spiritual physician of the Muslim Ummah.}}<ref name=":OxfordIW">{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5}}</ref> and '''Mujaddidul Millat'''{{efn|Reformer of the Nation.}} (19 August 1863 – 20 July 1943) was a late-nineteenth and twentieth-century [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] scholar, [[jurist]], thinker, [[Mujaddid|reformist]] and the revival of classical [[Sufism|Sufi]] thought from [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]],<ref name="OxfordDI">{{Citation |last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Thanawi, Ashraf Ali |date=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2372 |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruque |first=Muhammad U. |date=2021 |title=Eternity Made Temporal: Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī, a Twentieth-Century Indian Thinker and the Revival of Classical Sufi Thought |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jss/9/2/article-p215_3.xml |journal=Journal of Sufi Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=215–246 |doi=10.1163/22105956-bja10009 |s2cid=242261580 |issn=2210-5948|language=en}}</ref> one of the chief proponents of [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> He was a central figure of Islamic [[Spirituality|spiritual]], [[intellectual]] and religious life in [[South Asia]] and continues to be highly influential today.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> As a prolific author, he completed over a thousand works including ''[[Bayan al-Quran|Bayan Ul Quran]]'' and ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> He graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1883 and moved to [[Kanpur]], then [[Thana Bhawan]] to direct the Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah, where he resided until the end of his life.<ref name=":OxfordIW"/> His training in [[Quran]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]] studies and [[Sufism]] qualified him to become a leading Sunni authority among the scholars of [[Deobandi|Deoband]].<ref name=":OxfordPST">{{Citation |last=Belhaj |first=Abdessamad |title=Thānvī, Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-236 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science and Technology in Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8}}</ref> His teaching mixes Sunni orthodoxy, Islamic elements of belief and the patriarchal structure of the society.<ref name=":OxfordPST"/> He offered a sketch of a [[Ummah|Muslim community]] that is collective, patriarchal, hierarchical and compassion-based.<ref name=":OxfordPST"/> |
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== Views and ideology == |
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'''Ashraf Ali Thanwi''' (1862{{ndash}}1943) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Deobandi scholar, author, jurist and a [[Sufi]] mentor of the [[Chishti order]]. He was an alumnus of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], and authored several hundred books including ''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'' and ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]''. |
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{{Main|Political views of Ashraf Ali Thanwi}} |
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Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |last=Koreishi |first=Samiullah |date=13 September 2013 |title=What's wrong with Pakistan? |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1042583 |access-date=}}</ref> He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]] (AIML), including [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Munshi Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/toobaa-research-library-TameerEPakistan |title=Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani |publisher=Idara-i Islamiya |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur}}</ref> His disciples [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] were key players in religious support for the creation of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |access-date=2022-11-07}}</ref> During the 1940s, many [[Deobandi]] [[Ulama]] supported the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] but Thanwi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] were in favour of the Muslim League.<ref name="SvanbergWesterlund2012">{{cite book|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11322-2|page=224}}</ref><ref name="Jetly2012">{{cite book|first=Rajshree|last=Jetly|title=Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojQznTkR09kC&pg=PA156|date=27 April 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-51696-2|pages=156–}}</ref> Thanwi resigned from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]'s management committee due to its pro-Congress stance.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000">{{cite book|first=Francis|last=Robinson|editor-first=John|editor-last=Hutchinson|others=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA930|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-20112-4|pages=929–930|chapter=Islam and Muslim separatism.}}</ref> His support and the support of his disciples for [[Pakistan Movement]] were greatly appreciated by AIML.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Works and contribution == |
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==Opposition by Barelvis== |
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He led a very active life teaching, preaching, writing, lecturing and making occasional journey. He belonged to a period when Muslims were physically intellectually under attack by the western colonial powers and the [[Arya Samaj]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief Biography of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi|date=9 November 2021 |url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/daruliftaa-birmingham/171457/a-brief-biography-of-maulana-ashraf-ali-thanwi/}}</ref> His literary life began at Darul Uloom Deoband and that he wrote a [[Mathnawi]] titled as "''Zeero-bam''", in Persian language at the age of eighteenth.{{cn|date=November 2022}} For fourteen years he was a teacher in Madrasa Faiz e Aam, in Kanpur, taught, wrote, and gave sermons and issued Fatwa. From the early days of his educational life, he was very much impressed by [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. |
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In 1906, [[Ahmad Raza Khan]] and other scholars issued a [[fatwa]] against Thanwi and other Deobandi leaders entitled ''[[Husamul Haramain]]'' ({{lang-ur|Sword of The two Holy Mosques}}), calling them unbelievers and Satanists.<ref>[https://sufimanzil.org/arabic-fatwa-against-deobandis/ 'Arabic Fatwa against Deobandis'] Sufi Manzil website, Published 3 May 2010, Retrieved 11 August 2020</ref><ref>Fatawa Hussam-ul-Hermayn by [[Ahmad Raza Khan|Khan, Ahmad Raza Qadri]]</ref><ref>As-samare-ul-Hindiya by Khan, Hashmat Ali</ref> |
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Most of his books are in Urdu, Arabic and Persian. There is no branch of Islam in which his book may not be present. It is said that the number of his works is nearly one thousand.{{cn|date=November 2022}} The rights of printing of all his books were public. He never earned a single paisa from his books. Millions of individual derived educational and practical benefit from his books and predicatory lectures. |
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Deobandi elders, including those accused in the fatwa, prepared a reply to questions sent to them by the scholars of [[Hijaz]] to clarify the matter in [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]'s ''[[al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]'' ({{Translation|"The Sword on the Disproved"}}), which was written in Arabic and signed by all Deobandi scholars including Thanvi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daruliftaa.com/node/151|title=Al-Muhannad ala 'l-Mufannad {{!}} daruliftaa.com|website=www.daruliftaa.com|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AlMuhannadalaAlMufannadTranslation|title=Al Muhannad 'ala Al Mufannad Urdu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/AlMuhannadalaAlMufannadTranslation/Al-Muhannad_%27ala_al-Mufannad_Translation#page/n1/mode/2up|title=Al Muhannad 'ala Al Mufannad English|website=archive.org|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> His disciple [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]] also wrote articles and leaflets in defence of Thanwi.<ref name="hifzuliman">{{cite book |author1=Mawlānā Ashraf Ali Thanwi |title=Hifz al-Iman |publisher=Dar al-Kitab, [[Deoband]] |page=19}}</ref> |
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His sermons were written, while they were delivered from city to city and shown to him and published, Muslims benefitted from them. These contained Islamic rules and regulations, stoppage of innovations, facts and figures interesting topics etc. Normally, lectures discussed were about Islamic worship, but he also talked about morals, dealings, practical daily life in his sermons. He kept this in mind in his training of Sulook and Tariqah as well. A list of his major works is given here: |
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== Teachings == |
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# ''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]'': It is a three volume ''[[tafsir]]'' ([[exegesis]]) of the [[Quran]]. The compilation of this exegesis was started in 1320 [[Hijri year|AH]]. It was published in twelve volumes from Matb'a Mujtabai, [[Delhi]] in 1908 (1326 AH).{{cn|date=November 2022}} |
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Thanwi stressed adopting the complete way of Islam to attain salvation. He shunned Sufis who emphasised voluntary worshiping but neglected other important commandments of Islam, including fair dealings and fulfilling the rights of others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashrafiya.com/2019/09/18/the-essential-instructions-for-mureed/|title=The essential instructions for mureed|last='abd|date=2019-09-18|website=ASHRAFIYA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> |
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# ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]'': It is comprehensive handbook of [[fiqh]], Islamic rituals and morals, it is especially aimed at the education of girls and women. The volume describes the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] and also highlights more obscure principles. For years it has remained a favorite with the people of the [[Indian subcontinent]] as well as Indian Muslim diaspora all over the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ansari |first=Usamah |date=2009 |title=Producing the Conjugal Patriarchal Family in Maulana Thanvi's Heavenly Ornaments: Biopolotics, 'Shariatic Modernity' and Managing Women |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/CIS/article/view/9386 |journal=Comparative Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages= 93–110|doi=10.1558/cis.v5i1.93 |issn=1743-1638}}</ref> |
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# ''[[Imdad al-Fatawa]]'': It is the collection of Thanwis fatwas, which is a compendium of Hanafi Fiqh containing research-oriented fatwas and fiqhi discourses.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Jamia Hamdard University |year=2018 |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |type=PhD |page=116}}</ref> |
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# ''[[Nashr al-Tib|Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al Habib]] Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam'': During 1911-1912, Thanwi wrote this book on [[Prophetic biography]] Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam. He has professed obeisance to the Prophet Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam in the 41 chapters of this book. He has presented him as a boon for the entire [[universe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fakharuddin |first=Muhammad |date=2020 |title=An Analytical Study of the " Nashr al-Tīb fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al-Habib" |url=https://www.alamir.com.pk/index.php/ojs/article/view/13 |journal=Al-Amīr |language=ur |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages= |issn=2790-9328}}</ref> |
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# ''Imdadul Mustaque''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Waris |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/islami-uloom-mein-nadwat-ul-musannifin-ki-khidmaat-ek-mutala-abdul-waris-khan-ebooks |title=Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla |date=1999 |publisher=Islamic Book Foundation |location=New Delhi |pages=209–210 |trans-title=The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study}}</ref> |
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== Influence and legacy == |
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At times, he would caution and stress towards matter that are generally thought to be not related to Islam and spirituality but he would explain the forgotten and ignored link. For example, once he encouraged the son of his close disciple, Mufti Muhammad Shafi, to improve his handwriting so that others may read it with ease, and thereafter remarked that he was nurturing him to become a "Sufi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sayyidtalhah.wordpress.com/2018/08/05/handwriting-and-spirituality/|title=Handwriting and Spirituality|last=Talhah|first=Sayyid|date=2018-08-05|website=Pearls for Tazkiyah|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> |
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He produced near about 1000 trainees, to whom he permitted for [[Bay'ah]] and those spread their influences of Thanwi. Among them are: [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]], [[Abdul Hai Arifi]], [[Athar Ali Bengali]], [[Shah Abd al-Wahhab]], [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], [[Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri]], [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]], [[Muhammadullah Hafezzi]], [[Khair Muhammad Jalandhari]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Habibullah Qurayshi]], [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]]. [[Muhammad Iqbal]] once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of [[Rumi|Rumi's]] teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority. <ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maqalat-e-iqbal-abdul-wahid-ebooks |title=Maqalat-e-iqbal |publisher=Tufail Art Printers |year=1982 |location=Lahore |pages=180 |language=ur}}</ref> His biographical works include Ashrafus Sawaneh by Khawaja Azizul Hasan Majzoob and ''[[Hakeemul Ummat]]'' by Abdul Majid Daryabadi. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Bibliography of Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] |
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Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1042583 | title='What's wrong with Pakistan?' | newspaper=Dawn | date=13 September 2013 | access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]] (AIML), including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani|last=Khan|first=Munshi Abdur Rahman|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi aur Tehreek e Azadi|last=Saeed|first=Professor Ahmad|location=Lahore, Pakistan}}</ref> |
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* [[Political views of Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] |
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* [[List of Deobandis]] |
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== References == |
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During the 1940s, many Deobandi ''[[ulama]]'' supported the Congress but Ashraf Ali Thanvi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including [[Muhammad Shafi]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] were in favour of the Muslim League.<ref name="SvanbergWesterlund2012">{{cite book|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11322-2|page=224}}</ref><ref name="Jetly2012">{{cite book|first=Rajshree|last=Jetly|title=Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojQznTkR09kC&pg=PA156|date=27 April 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-51696-2|pages=156–}}</ref> Thanwi resigned from Deoband's management committee due to its pro-Congress stance.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000">{{cite book|first=Francis|last=Robinson|editor-first=John|editor-last=Hutchinson|others=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC&pg=PA930|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-20112-4|pages=929–930|chapter=Islam and Muslim separatism.}}</ref> |
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=== Notes === |
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{{Notelist}} |
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=== Citations === |
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His support and the support of his disciples for [[Pakistan Movement]] were greatly appreciated by AIML.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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== Death and legacy == |
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His edicts and religious teachings have been deemed authoritative even by many of his opponents. Muhammad Iqbal once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of Rumi's teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority.<ref>Maqalat-e-Iqbal; Compiled by Syed Abdul Wahid Mueeni</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri]] |
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==References== |
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===Citations=== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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==Further reading== |
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{{Sister project links|wikt=no|n=no}} |
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* Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/33417145/Ashraf-Ali-Thanawi-Islam-in-Modern-South-Asia-Makers-of-the-Muslim-World Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi: Islam in Modern South Asia (Makers of the Muslim World)], Oneworld, 2007. |
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{{Ashraf Ali Thanwi}} |
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* [https://archive.org/details/Al-muhannadAlaAl-mufannadaqaidUlamaDeobandByShaykhKhaleelAhmad/ Various Urdu editions of al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad] by Shaykh Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri on Archive.org |
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{{Hanafi scholars}} |
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* [https://archive.org/details/AlMuhannadalaAlMufannadTranslation/ Various translations of al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad] by Shaykh Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri on Archive.org |
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{{Sufi}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141005060649/http://aapkaislam.com/books-by-ashraf-ali-thanvi.html Collection of Ashraf Ali Thanwi] in [[PDF]]-format |
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Revision as of 09:30, 30 May 2024
Hakim al-Ummat, Mujaddidul Millat Ashraf Ali Thanwi | |
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اشرف علی تھانوی | |
Personal details | |
Born | Abd al-Ghani 19 August 1863[1] Thana Bhawan, Muzaffarnagar, British India |
Died | 20 July 1943 Thana Bhawan, Muzaffarnagar, British India | (aged 79)
Spouse | 2 |
Parent |
|
Alma mater | Darul Uloom Deoband |
Personal | |
Nationality | British Indian |
Denomination | Sunni |
Jurisprudence | Hanafi |
Creed | Maturidi[2] |
Movement | Deobandi |
Main interest(s) | Sufism, Moral Philosophy, Islamic revival, Tafsir, Fiqh, Hadith, Prophetic biography |
Notable work(s) | Majlis-e Dawatul Haq |
Senior posting | |
Disciple of | Imdadullah Muhajir Makki |
Disciples
| |
Literary works | |
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (often referred as Hakimul Ummat[a][5] and Mujaddidul Millat[b] (19 August 1863 – 20 July 1943) was a late-nineteenth and twentieth-century Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, thinker, reformist and the revival of classical Sufi thought from Indian subcontinent during the British Raj,[6][7] one of the chief proponents of Pakistan Movement.[5] He was a central figure of Islamic spiritual, intellectual and religious life in South Asia and continues to be highly influential today.[5] As a prolific author, he completed over a thousand works including Bayan Ul Quran and Bahishti Zewar.[5] He graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband in 1883 and moved to Kanpur, then Thana Bhawan to direct the Khanqah-i-Imdadiyah, where he resided until the end of his life.[5] His training in Quran, Hadith, Fiqh studies and Sufism qualified him to become a leading Sunni authority among the scholars of Deoband.[8] His teaching mixes Sunni orthodoxy, Islamic elements of belief and the patriarchal structure of the society.[8] He offered a sketch of a Muslim community that is collective, patriarchal, hierarchical and compassion-based.[8]
Views and ideology
Thanwi was a strong supporter of the Muslim League.[9] He maintained a correspondence with the leadership of All India Muslim League (AIML), including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah.[10] His disciples Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan.[11] During the 1940s, many Deobandi Ulama supported the Congress but Thanwi and some other leading Deobandi scholars including Muhammad Shafi Deobandi and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani were in favour of the Muslim League.[12][13] Thanwi resigned from Darul Uloom Deoband's management committee due to its pro-Congress stance.[14] His support and the support of his disciples for Pakistan Movement were greatly appreciated by AIML.[10]
Works and contribution
He led a very active life teaching, preaching, writing, lecturing and making occasional journey. He belonged to a period when Muslims were physically intellectually under attack by the western colonial powers and the Arya Samaj.[15] His literary life began at Darul Uloom Deoband and that he wrote a Mathnawi titled as "Zeero-bam", in Persian language at the age of eighteenth.[citation needed] For fourteen years he was a teacher in Madrasa Faiz e Aam, in Kanpur, taught, wrote, and gave sermons and issued Fatwa. From the early days of his educational life, he was very much impressed by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.
Most of his books are in Urdu, Arabic and Persian. There is no branch of Islam in which his book may not be present. It is said that the number of his works is nearly one thousand.[citation needed] The rights of printing of all his books were public. He never earned a single paisa from his books. Millions of individual derived educational and practical benefit from his books and predicatory lectures.
His sermons were written, while they were delivered from city to city and shown to him and published, Muslims benefitted from them. These contained Islamic rules and regulations, stoppage of innovations, facts and figures interesting topics etc. Normally, lectures discussed were about Islamic worship, but he also talked about morals, dealings, practical daily life in his sermons. He kept this in mind in his training of Sulook and Tariqah as well. A list of his major works is given here:
- Bayan Ul Quran: It is a three volume tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran. The compilation of this exegesis was started in 1320 AH. It was published in twelve volumes from Matb'a Mujtabai, Delhi in 1908 (1326 AH).[citation needed]
- Bahishti Zewar: It is comprehensive handbook of fiqh, Islamic rituals and morals, it is especially aimed at the education of girls and women. The volume describes the Five Pillars of Islam and also highlights more obscure principles. For years it has remained a favorite with the people of the Indian subcontinent as well as Indian Muslim diaspora all over the world.[16]
- Imdad al-Fatawa: It is the collection of Thanwis fatwas, which is a compendium of Hanafi Fiqh containing research-oriented fatwas and fiqhi discourses.[17]
- Nashr al-Tib fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al Habib Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam: During 1911-1912, Thanwi wrote this book on Prophetic biography Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam. He has professed obeisance to the Prophet Sallalahu 'alaihi Wa Salam in the 41 chapters of this book. He has presented him as a boon for the entire universe.[18]
- Imdadul Mustaque[19]
Influence and legacy
He produced near about 1000 trainees, to whom he permitted for Bay'ah and those spread their influences of Thanwi. Among them are: Sulaiman Nadvi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Zafar Ahmad Usmani, Abdul Hai Arifi, Athar Ali Bengali, Shah Abd al-Wahhab, Abdul Majid Daryabadi, Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri, Abrarul Haq Haqqi, Muhammadullah Hafezzi, Khair Muhammad Jalandhari, Masihullah Khan, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Habibullah Qurayshi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi. Muhammad Iqbal once wrote to a friend of his that on the matter of Rumi's teachings, he held Thanwi as the greatest living authority. [20] His biographical works include Ashrafus Sawaneh by Khawaja Azizul Hasan Majzoob and Hakeemul Ummat by Abdul Majid Daryabadi.
See also
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ "Maulana Muhammad Ashraf Ali Thanwi".
- ^ Bruckmayr, Philipp (2020). "Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām". Die Welt des Islams. 60 (2–3). Brill: 293–324. doi:10.1163/15700607-06023P06.
- ^ Ullah, Ahmad; Qadir, Ridwanul (February 2018). "কুতুবুল আলম হাকীমুন নফস, খলীফায়ে থানভী আল্লামা শাহ আবদুল ওয়াহহাব রহ. (১৮৯৪—১৯৮২) - এর সংক্ষিপ্ত জীবনচরিত". মাশায়েখে চাটগাম. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). 11/1, Islami Tower, Bangla Bazar, Dhaka-1100: Ahmad Prakashan. pp. 35–54. ISBN 978-984-92106-4-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Wahid, Abdul (1982). Maqalat-e-iqbal (in Urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. p. 180.
- ^ a b c d e Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5
- ^ Esposito, John L. (2003), "Thanawi, Ashraf Ali", The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0
- ^ Faruque, Muhammad U. (2021). "Eternity Made Temporal: Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī, a Twentieth-Century Indian Thinker and the Revival of Classical Sufi Thought". Journal of Sufi Studies. 9 (2): 215–246. doi:10.1163/22105956-bja10009. ISSN 2210-5948. S2CID 242261580.
- ^ a b c Belhaj, Abdessamad (2014), "Thānvī, Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science and Technology in Islam, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8
- ^ Koreishi, Samiullah (13 September 2013). "What's wrong with Pakistan?". Dawn.
- ^ a b Khan, Munshi Abdur Rahman (1992). Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani (in Urdu). Pakistan: Idara-i Islamiya.
- ^ Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, retrieved 7 November 2022
- ^ Svanberg, Ingvar; Westerlund, David (6 December 2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-136-11322-2.
- ^ Jetly, Rajshree (27 April 2012). Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. pp. 156–. ISBN 978-1-136-51696-2.
- ^ Robinson, Francis (2000). "Islam and Muslim separatism.". In Hutchinson, John (ed.). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Anthony D. Smith. Taylor & Francis. pp. 929–930. ISBN 978-0-415-20112-4.
- ^ "A Brief Biography of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi". 9 November 2021.
- ^ Ansari, Usamah (2009). "Producing the Conjugal Patriarchal Family in Maulana Thanvi's Heavenly Ornaments: Biopolotics, 'Shariatic Modernity' and Managing Women". Comparative Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1558/cis.v5i1.93. ISSN 1743-1638.
- ^ Ullah, Mohammed (2018). The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges (PhD). India: Jamia Hamdard University. p. 116. hdl:10603/326073.
- ^ Fakharuddin, Muhammad (2020). "An Analytical Study of the " Nashr al-Tīb fi Zikr-un-Nabi Al-Habib"". Al-Amīr (in Urdu). 1 (1). ISSN 2790-9328.
- ^ Khan, Abdul Waris (1999). Islāmi Uloom mai Nadwatul Musannifeen ki Khidmāt: Ek mutāla [The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study]. New Delhi: Islamic Book Foundation. pp. 209–210.
- ^ Maqalat-e-iqbal (in Urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. 1982. p. 180.