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Entrance to the tomb of Nurullah Shustari, Agra, India

Nur Allah ibn Sharif al-Shushtari (Arabic: نورالله بن شريف الشوشتری, romanized: Nūr Allāh ibn Sharīf al-Shūshtarī; 1549–1610), also known as al-Shahid al-Thalith (Arabic: الشهید الثلث, romanized: al-Shahīd al-Thālith, lit. 'the third martyr'),[1] was a Shia Islamic scholar and jurist of the Mughal period.[2] He also have served as the Qazi-ul-Quzaa of Lahore and Agra during the reign of Akbar I (r. 1556–1605).[3][4]

Life[edit]

He was born in 1549 CE (956 AH)[1] at Shushtar, in present-day Khuzestan, south of Iran. He belonged to the Ma'rashi family in Amol. He moved from Mashhad to India,[5] on 1 Shawwal 992/6 October 1584. Although according to some accounts, the year may have been 1587.[6][7] He was an emissary of Akbar I (r. 1556–1605) in Kashmir obtained the first census of the areas of Mughal Empire during Akbar's reign.

Death[edit]

When Jahangir came to power his position within the court came under threat both from the enemies he had made while settling the disputes in Agra and Kashmir, and from Jahangir's own orthodox stance. Ultimately his own book Ahqaq-ul-haq was presented as evidence against him, he was declared a heretic and sentenced to death due to his religious beliefs.[8][9] He was executed by flogging in Jumada II 1019/September 1610, at the age of 61.[10][11][12]

There is a famous debate shedding light on his assassination in the book Peshawar Nights.[13]

Legacy[edit]

His works[edit]

Majalis al-mu'minin (The Assemblies of Believers), Safavid Iran, AH 1043 i.e. 1633-4 AD

Shushtari is considered as one of the scholars who paved the way for the development of Shia Islam.[14] He had excellent literary expertise and had composed literary pieces in Arabic and Persian, writing approximately fifty books and essays in Islamic sciences like kalam, jurisprudence and sirah. Few of them are:

  • Ihqaq-ul-Haq (Justification of the Truth), refutes the “Ibtal Nahjal-Batil” by Khwaja Maulana Isfahani and defended the beliefs of Shi’ite faith and answering Sunni objections about it. He was flogged to death on order of emperor Jehangir due to this work.
  • Masa’ib-un-Nawasib (Troubles for the Nasibiites), refutation of “Nawaqiz-ul-Rawafiz” by a Sunnite scholar.
  • Sawarim-ul-Muhriqa (The Pouring Swords), Refutation of Sawaiq-ul-Muhriqa by the Sunni scholar Ibn Hajar.
  • Majalis al-Mu'minin (Assembly of the Believers), gives the description of the religious scholars and the other learned men.
  • Risala-i-Jalaliyyah, a treatise dedicated to Mughal emperor Akbar.

Beside the above-mentioned books and treatise he has also several other literary works which include marginal notes, reviews, commentaries, etc. Many of his works with the description of his life have been translated into Arabic, Persian and Urdu. [15]

Works about him[edit]

Follwoing are the works about him,

  • Shaheed-e-Salis his biography by Mirza Mohammad Hadi Aziz Lakhnavi (1882–1935).[16]
  • Tazkira e Majeed Shaheed E Salis his biography by Syed Sibte Hasan.[17]
  • 'Shahīd-i S̲ālis̲ Qāz̤ī Nārullāh Shūstarī: An Historical Figure in Shīite Piety' by Wayne Rollen Husted.[18]
  • 'Theological methodology of Judge Noorullah Shoushtari' by Mohammad Remezani and Ali Rabbani.[19]

His tomb (mazar)[edit]

His tomb (mazar) at Agra is a place of pilgrimage and site of annual religious congregation held in commemoration of his martyrdom.[4] The tomb is under waqf deed of 'Haji Dawood Nori Nasir Bagh'. The deed states that a member from the family of Nasirul Millat (Abaqati family) would be patron of the mazar.[20] Now, Maulana Syed Abbas Nasir Saeed Abaqati is president of Anjuman Moinuzzaireen which manages Mazaar-e-Shaheed-e-Saalis while his younger brother Syed Murtaza Nasir Saeed is secretary and his uncles (half-brothers of Agha Roohi) Maulana Syed Sajjad Nasir Saeed Abaqati and Syed Husain Nasir Saeed are patron and Mutawalli' respectively.[21][22] Earlier notables like Khateeb-ul-Iman' Tahir Jarwali, Maulana Agha Roohi, etc. have been part of its management. Moulana Syed Shozab Kazim Jarwali (son of Khateeb-ul-Iman Tahir Jarwali) too has been its erstwhile president.

Mahdi Khajeh Piri, founder of Noor International Microfilm Center, New Delhi has been involved in the restoration of the tomb.

Family[edit]

Shushtari was the son of Sayed Sharif and grandson of Sayed Nurullah. He had five sons. His eldest son Sayed Sharif (1583–1611) was a scholar and authored Hashiya-e-Tafsir-e-Bezavi and Hashiya-e-Qadima. His second son Sayed Muhammad Yusuf was a poet. His third son Alaul Mulk obtained higher education from Shiraz and then returned to India. He took up teaching career at Agra where later he was appointed as tutor to Shah Shuja, the son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (r. 1628–1658). He was the author of Anwarul Huda, Al-Siratul Wasil fi Asbatul Wajib, Muhazzabul Mantiq and Firdaus, the history of Shiraz. His fourth son Saiyid Abul Maali (1596–1636) for some time lived in Qutub Shahi kingdom where he translated Masaibun Nawasib from Arabic to Persian. He was the author of Sharh-e Alfiya, Risala fil Adl, Risala Nafi Raut wajib Taala, Tafsir Ala Suratul Akhlas. His fifth son Mir Alaud Daula was a poet.[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Hidayet Hosain 1995.
  2. ^ Shaheed-e-salis. (Open Library)
  3. ^ The World's Religions -Page 383- by Stewart R. Sutherland – Religion – 1988 -
  4. ^ a b Hindustan Times (9 June 2018). "PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions". www.pressreader.com. Lucknow. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  5. ^ A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā Asharī Shīaīs in India – Page 346 by Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, – 1986 –
  6. ^ The Shi'a of India-Page 140, By John Norman Hollister-1953
  7. ^ Majmaʻulafkār – Page 15 by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriental Public Library- 1993
  8. ^ The Empire of the Great Mughals By Annemarie Schimmel, Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar page 109
  9. ^ An introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism By Moojan Momen, #121.
  10. ^ A Cultural History of India – Page 290 by Arthur Llewellyn Basham – History – 1975
  11. ^ Islamic education, diversity and national identity: Dīnī madāris in India ... – Page 107 by Jan-Peter Hartung, Helmut Reifeld – Islamic religious education – 2006 -
  12. ^ Religion, State, and Society in Medieval India: Collected Works of S. Nurul Hasan- Page 76 by S. Nurul Hasan, Satish Chandra – History – 2005
  13. ^ "Martyrdom of Shahid al-thalis". 22 October 2019.
  14. ^ "آیینه پژوهش - دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی حوزه علمیه قم - کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت".
  15. ^ "Works and Contribution – Shaheed-E-Salis(r.a)". Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Shaheed-e-Salis". Rekhta. 1930s. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  17. ^ "Tazkira E Majeed Shaheed E Salis - Book - Jafri Library". jafrilibrary.com. 1962. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Shahīd-i S̲ālis̲ Qāz̤ī Nārullāh Shūstarī: An Historical Figure in Shīite Piety". University of Wisconsin--Madison. 1992. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Journal of Kalam Islami". 2002. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Shia ulema at odds over shrine control". Hindustan Times. 9 April 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  21. ^ "List Of Designated Members Of Anjuman Moinuzzaireen – Mazar e Shaheed-E-Salis(r.a)". Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  22. ^ "Latest Updates – Mazar e Shaheed-E-Salis(r.a)". Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  23. ^ "Qazi Saiyid Nurullah Shushtari - Imam Reza (A.S.) Network". www.imamreza.net. Retrieved 5 March 2024.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi_Nurullah_Shustari

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