THC Science

PTGDS
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	4OS8, 2WWP, 3O19, 3O22, 3O2Y, 4IMN, 4IMO, 4ORR, 4ORS, 4ORU, 4ORW, 4ORX, 4ORY, 4OS0, 4OS3
Identifiers
Aliases	PTGDS, L-PGDS, LPGDS, PDS, PGD2, PGDS, PGDS2, prostaglandin D2 synthase
External IDs	OMIM: 176803 MGI: 99261 HomoloGene: 737 GeneCards: PTGDS
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (human)
End	136,981,742 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	25,360,058 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	Top expressed in
	More reference expression data
	; ; ; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function
Cellular component
Biological process
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5730
	19215
	ENSG00000107317
	ENSMUSG00000015090
	P41222; Q5SQ11
	O09114
	NM_000954
	NM_008963
	NP_000945
	NP_032989
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGDS gene.^[5]^[6]

Function[edit]

The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H₂ (PGH₂) to prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂). PGD₂ functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD₂ is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep.^[6] Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD₂ are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia).^[7]

Clinical use[edit]

Prostaglandin D₂ synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for liquorrhea, that is, to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains cerebrospinal fluid.^[8] This is important in the assessment of head trauma severity. In a medical context, the older term "beta-trace protein" is frequently used to refer to PTGDS.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000107317 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015090 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (May 1991). "Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (9): 4020–4. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.4020N. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.4020. PMC 51585. PMID 1902577.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: PTGDS prostaglandin D2 synthase 21kDa (brain)".
^ Garza LA, Liu Y, Yang Z, Alagesan B, Lawson JA, Norberg SM, Loy DE, Zhao T, Blatt HB, Stanton DC, Carrasco L, Ahluwalia G, Fischer SM, FitzGerald GA, Cotsarelis G (Mar 2012). "Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (126): 126ra34. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003122. PMC 3319975. PMID 22440736.
^ Bachmann G, Petereit H, Djenabi U, Michel O (Mar 2002). "Predictive values of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) by use of laser-nephelometry assay for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid". Neurosurgery. 50 (3): 571–6, discussion 576–7. doi:10.1227/00006123-200203000-00027. PMID 11841726.

Further reading[edit]

White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K (Nov 1992). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (32): 23202–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50077-6. PMID 1385416.
Kuruvilla AP, Hochwald GM, Ghiso J, Castaño EM, Pizzolato M, Frangione B (Nov 1991). "Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid". Brain Research. 565 (2): 337–40. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91666-O. PMID 1726844. S2CID 54405256.
Zahn M, Mäder M, Schmidt B, Bollensen E, Felgenhauer K (May 1993). "Purification and N-terminal sequence of beta-trace, a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid". Neuroscience Letters. 154 (1–2): 93–5. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90179-O. PMID 7689714. S2CID 42018337.
Harrington MG, Aebersold R, Martin BM, Merril CR, Hood L (1993). "Identification of a brain-specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein, beta-trace protein". Applied and Theoretical Electrophoresis. 3 (5): 229–34. PMID 7692978.
Bastien L, Sawyer N, Grygorczyk R, Metters KM, Adam M (Apr 1994). "Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (16): 11873–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32654-6. PMID 8163486.
Funk CD, Furci L, FitzGerald GA, Grygorczyk R, Rochette C, Bayne MA, Abramovitz M, Adam M, Metters KM (Dec 1993). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (35): 26767–72. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74379-8. PMID 8253813.
Abramovitz M, Boie Y, Nguyen T, Rushmore TH, Bayne MA, Metters KM, Slipetz DM, Grygorczyk R (Jan 1994). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid FP receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (4): 2632–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41991-0. PMID 8300593.
Hoffmann A, Conradt HS, Gross G, Nimtz M, Lottspeich F, Wurster U (Aug 1993). "Purification and chemical characterization of beta-trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid: its identification as prostaglandin D synthase". Journal of Neurochemistry. 61 (2): 451–6. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02145.x. PMID 8336134. S2CID 34300607.
Leone MG, Saso L, Del Vecchio A, Mo MY, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY (Aug 1993). "Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography". Journal of Neurochemistry. 61 (2): 533–40. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02156.x. PMID 8336140. S2CID 29843974.
Giacomelli S, Leone MG, Grima J, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY (Feb 1996). "Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1310 (3): 269–76. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(95)00182-4. PMID 8599604.
Blödorn B, Mäder M, Urade Y, Hayaishi O, Felgenhauer K, Brück W (May 1996). "Choroid plexus: the major site of mRNA expression for the beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) in human brain". Neuroscience Letters. 209 (2): 117–20. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12614-8. PMID 8761996. S2CID 34159760.
Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
Yamashima T, Sakuda K, Tohma Y, Yamashita J, Oda H, Irikura D, Eguchi N, Beuckmann CT, Kanaoka Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Apr 1997). "Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process". The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (7): 2376–82. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997. PMC 6573504. PMID 9065498.
White DM, Takeda T, DeGroot LJ, Stefansson K, Arnason BG (May 1997). "Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (22): 14387–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14387. PMID 9162076.
Eguchi Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Seiki K, Kijima Y, Matsu-ura Y, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Dec 1997). "Expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human heart and its accumulation in the coronary circulation of angina patients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (26): 14689–94. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9414689E. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14689. PMC 25094. PMID 9405674.
Tokugawa Y, Kunishige I, Kubota Y, Shimoya K, Nobunaga T, Kimura T, Saji F, Murata Y, Eguchi N, Oda H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Feb 1998). "Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma". Biology of Reproduction. 58 (2): 600–7. doi:10.1095/biolreprod58.2.600. PMID 9475419.
Saso L, Leone MG, Sorrentino C, Giacomelli S, Silvestrini B, Grima J, Li JC, Samy E, Mruk D, Cheng CY (Nov 1998). "Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker for brain tumor". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 46 (4): 643–56. doi:10.1080/15216549800204172. PMID 9844724. S2CID 29770550.
Blödorn B, Brück W, Tumani H, Michel U, Rieckmann P, Althans N, Mäder M (Sep 1999). "Expression of the beta-trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 57 (5): 730–4. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990901)57:5<730::AID-JNR14>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 10462696. S2CID 23555031.
Pinzar E, Kanaoka Y, Inui T, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (Apr 2000). "Prostaglandin D synthase gene is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4903–7. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4903P. doi:10.1073/pnas.090093997. PMC 18330. PMID 10781097.

External links[edit]

Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P41222 (Human Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase) at the PDBe-KB.
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O09114 (Mouse Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase) at the PDBe-KB.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000107317 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015090 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid1902577-5] Nagata A, Suzuki Y, Igarashi M, Eguchi N, Toh H, Urade Y, Hayaishi O (May 1991). "Human brain prostaglandin D synthase has been evolutionarily differentiated from lipophilic-ligand carrier proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (9): 4020–4. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.4020N. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.4020. PMC 51585. PMID 1902577.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: PTGDS prostaglandin D2 synthase 21kDa (brain)".

[Garza_et_al_2012-7] Garza LA, Liu Y, Yang Z, Alagesan B, Lawson JA, Norberg SM, Loy DE, Zhao T, Blatt HB, Stanton DC, Carrasco L, Ahluwalia G, Fischer SM, FitzGerald GA, Cotsarelis G (Mar 2012). "Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia". Science Translational Medicine. 4 (126): 126ra34. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003122. PMC 3319975. PMID 22440736.

[pmid11841726-8] Bachmann G, Petereit H, Djenabi U, Michel O (Mar 2002). "Predictive values of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) by use of laser-nephelometry assay for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid". Neurosurgery. 50 (3): 571–6, discussion 576–7. doi:10.1227/00006123-200203000-00027. PMID 11841726.

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Isomerases: intramolecular oxidoreductases (EC 5.3)
5.3.1: Aldoses/Ketoses	Triosephosphate isomerase Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase Mannose phosphate isomerase Glucose isomerase
5.3.2: Keto/Enol	Phenylpyruvate tautomerase Oxaloacetate tautomerase 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase
5.3.3: C = C	Steroid D-isomerase Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase Vinylacetyl-CoA D-isomerase Muconolactone D-isomerase Cholestenol Delta-isomerase (EBP) Methylitaconate D-isomerase Aconitate Delta-isomerase Enoyl CoA isomerase Prostaglandin-A1 Delta-isomerase 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate D-isomerase Isopiperitenone D-isomerase L-dopachrome isomerase Polyenoic fatty acid isomerase
5.3.4: S-S	Protein disulfide-isomerase (PDIA3)
5.3.99: other	Prostaglandin D2 synthase/Prostaglandin-D synthase Prostaglandin E synthase Prostacyclin synthase Thromboxane-A synthase

Metabolism: lipid metabolism – eicosanoid metabolism enzymes
Precursor	Phospholipase A2 Phospholipase C Diacylglycerol lipase
Prostanoids	Cyclooxygenase PTGS1 PTGS2 PGD2 synthase PGE synthase Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase PGI2 synthase TXA synthase
Leukotrienes	5-Lipoxygenase activating protein/Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase LTA4 hydrolase (B4 synthesis) LTC4 synthase Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase LTD4 hydrolase
Ungrouped	HPGD

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