Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

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Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
Unclear legal status
See also
Notes
  1. GR: Neither performed nor recognized in the Monastic community of Mount Athos.
  2. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  3. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  4. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  5. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  6. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  7. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. All EU member states except Romania follow the ruling.
  8. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  9. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  10. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  11. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  13. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  14. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
* Not yet in effect
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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Ohio since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges, a landmark decision in which the court struck down the state's statutory and constitutional bans on same-sex marriage on June 26, 2015.[1] The case was named after plaintiff Jim Obergefell, who sued the state of Ohio after officials refused to recognize his marriage on the death certificate of his husband.[2] Same-sex marriages were performed in Ohio beginning shortly after the Supreme Court released its ruling, as local officials implemented the order.[1]

Two lawsuits in federal court challenged Ohio's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples, asking Ohio to recognize marriages from other jurisdictions for the purpose of recording a spouse on a death certificate and for recording parents' names on birth certificates. Judge Timothy Black, of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, ruled that Ohio must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. He stayed general enforcement of his ruling, but ordered the state to recognize out-of-state same-sex marriages for completing death certificates in all cases and for four birth certificates. Attorney General Mike DeWine appealed the rulings to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which consolidated the two cases and held oral arguments on August 6, 2014. That court upheld Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage on November 6, 2014. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned the decision and declared same-sex marriages legal in the United States in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015.

Support for same-sex marriage among residents and voters in the state generally increased in the years following Obergefell, with a 2023 poll from the Public Religion Research Institute showing that 70% of Ohio residents supported same-sex marriage.[3]

Legal history[edit]

Restrictions[edit]

On December 10, 2003, the Ohio House of Representatives, by a 73–23 vote, passed the Defense of Marriage Act. The Ohio Senate passed the act by an 18–15 vote on January 21, 2004, and Governor Bob Taft signed it into law on February 6. Ohio's Defense of Marriage Act banned same-sex marriage, along with the "statutory benefits of legal marriage to nonmarital relationships". It also prohibited state recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages.[4][5]

On November 2, 2004, Ohio voters approved State Issue 1, a state-initiated constitutional amendment that prohibited the recognition of same-sex marriage, as well as any "legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals that intends to approximate the design, qualities, significance or effect of marriage" in the state of Ohio. The amendment went into effect on December 2, 2004.[6]

Initiative to repeal constitutional ban[edit]

In 2013, FreedomOhio and Equality Ohio sought state officials' approval of a ballot initiative that would replace the constitutional amendment and allow same-sex marriage.[7][8] Two prominent Republicans, Senator Rob Portman and former Attorney General Jim Petro, gave their support to the campaign.[9]

Lawsuits[edit]

State cases[edit]

Lacking legal representation and support from the local LGBT community, a lesbian couple from Dayton sued the state in Thorton v. Timmers in 1974, after being denied a marriage license. In 1975, a state court denied their request for a license and concluded that "it is the express legislative intent that those persons who may be joined in marriage must be of different sexes." A similar case, Fullington v. Ohio, was brought by Russ Stalk and David Fullington in 1990, but dismissed by an Ohio county municipal court on October 11, 1990.[10]

Obergefell v. Hodges[edit]

Main article: Obergefell v. Hodges

A Cincinnati same-sex couple filed a lawsuit, Obergefell v. Kasich, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio on July 19, 2013, alleging that the state discriminated against same-sex couples who had lawfully married out-of-state. The named-defendant was Governor John Kasich. On July 22, 2013, District Judge Timothy S. Black granted the couple's motion, temporarily restraining the vital statistics registrar from accepting any death certificate unless it recorded the deceased's status at death as "married" and his partner as "surviving spouse".[11] On August 13, 2013, Black extended the temporary restraining order until the end of December.[12] The case was restyled Obergefell v. Wymyslo on September 25, with Health Department Director Theodore Wymyslo as the named defendant, and funeral director Robert Grunn was added to the lawsuit so that he could obtain clarification of his legal obligations under Ohio law when serving clients with same-sex spouses. On December 23, 2013, Judge Black ruled that Ohio's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions was discriminatory and ordered Ohio to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions on death certificates.[13]

Judge Black ruled in a similar case about the same time. In Henry v. Wymyslo, four same-sex couples legally married in other states sued to force the state to list both parents on their children's birth certificates.[14] On April 14, 2014, Black ruled that Ohio must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions,[15] and on April 16 stayed enforcement of his ruling except for the birth certificates sought by the plaintiffs.[16] Attorney General Mike DeWine announced plans to appeal the decision.

On May 20, the Sixth Circuit consolidated the two cases, now Obergefell v. Hodges with the appointment of Richard Hodges as the new director of the Ohio Department of Health, and on November 6 ruled 2–1 that Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage did not violate the Constitution of the United States.[17] On January 16, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court consolidated Obergefell v. Hodges with three other cases from Kentucky, Michigan and Tennessee, agreeing to review the case.[18] After hearing oral arguments the following April, the court ruled on June 26, 2015 that Ohio's constitutional ban violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution on equal protection and due process grounds. The ruling meant that the earlier Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision was reversed and same-sex couples began immediately marrying in the state.[19]

Governor Kasich said he was disappointed by the court ruling but said, "They've made their decision and we just move on".[20] DeWine said he would comply with the decision, "While Ohio argued that the Supreme Court should let this issue ultimately be decided by the voters, the Court has now made its decision." Senator Portman issued the following statement, "In 2013, I decided to support marriage equality after I came to understand this issue better in the context of my own family. I can't help but view today's Supreme Court decision through that same lens. And as a father, I welcome today's decision. As I have said before, I would have preferred for this issue to be resolved by the democratic process in the states because I think you build a more lasting consensus that way. Now the Court has reached its decision, I hope we can move past the division and polarization the issue has caused." The Mayor of Columbus, Michael B. Coleman, said, "I am pleased with the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the ban on same-sex marriage because it represents true equality for all, regardless of who they love." State Representative Nickie Antonio welcomed the ruling, "From this day forward, all families – including families like mine – have the opportunity to experience the full depth and breadth of constitutional equality and the freedom to celebrate the love that binds our family, and all families – including those of same sex couples."[21]

Among the first same-sex couples to marry in Ohio were Roy Keith Garrett and Chris Richardson in Cleveland on June 26 just hours after the Supreme Court's ruling. Two more couples, Jamie Moore and Tim Scott, and Patricia Hanen and Elaine McCoy, were married just minutes later in the same city.[22] Jimmie Beall and Mindy Ross were the first same-sex couple to receive a marriage license in Columbus. The couple had unsuccessfully applied for a license every Valentine's Day for the past 7 or 8 years.[20] Across the state, many couples rushed to their county courthouse in the hours after the court decision to apply for licenses, including in Dayton,[23] Ironton,[24] and Toledo.[25] Mayor John Cranley officiated at the weddings of half a dozen same-sex couples on June 26 at the Fountain Square in Cincinnati.[26]

Developments after legalization[edit]

On March 15, 2016, the Ohio Supreme Court decided to issue gender-neutral references in family court cases instead of terms such as "husband" and "wife". The order includes "father", "mother", "parent" and "spouse" in its description of terms expressing familial relationships, which cover the areas of divorce, child support, guardianships, adoption, domestic relations and domestic violence.[27][28] The order took effect the same day.

Demographics and marriage statistics[edit]

Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 18,937 same-sex couples were living in Ohio. By 2005, this had increased to 30,669 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state and constituted 0.8% of coupled households and 0.4% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Franklin, Cuyahoga and Hamilton counties, but the counties with the highest percentage of same-sex couples were Franklin (0.74% of all county households) and Delaware (0.55%). Same-sex partners in Ohio were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. However, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were lower than different-sex couples, and same-sex couples were also far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 22% of same-sex couples in Ohio were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 11,950 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005.[29][30]

2018 estimates from the United States Census Bureau showed that there were about 32,900 same-sex households in Ohio.[31] This represented an increase compared to 2017 (about 31,400 households), 2016 (about 27,600 households), 2015 (about 26,850 households) and 2014 (about 26,000 households). The Census Bureau estimated that 54.4% of same-sex couples living in the state in 2018 were married. The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 17,986 married same-sex couple households (7,303 male couples and 10,683 female couples) and 17,654 unmarried same-sex couple households in Ohio.[32]

Public opinion[edit]

A September 2012 poll by The Washington Post indicated that 52% of Ohio residents surveyed said that same-sex marriage should be legal, while 37 percent said it should be illegal.[33]

A March 2013 Saperstein poll for The Columbus Dispatch revealed that 54% of Ohio residents surveyed supported a proposed amendment that would repeal the state's 2004 constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[34] An August 2013 Public Policy Polling (PPP) survey of 551 Ohio voters found that 48% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 42% remained opposed and 10% said they were not sure. The survey was the first from PPP to find plurality support for same-sex marriages in Ohio. Pollsters also found that 69% of Ohio respondents supported either marriage (44%) or civil unions (25%) for same-sex couples, including a majority (54%) of Republican voters. 27% of respondents said that there should be no legal recognition of same-sex relationships.[35]

A February 2014 Quinnipiac University poll found that 50% of Ohio voters supported same-sex marriage, while 44% were opposed, and 5% did not know or were indifferent.[36] Another February 2014 poll, released two days later by the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI), found that 53% of Ohio residents supported same-sex marriage, while 38% were opposed, and 9% did not know or refused to answer.[37]

An April 2014 poll by SurveyUSA found that 49% of Ohio voters thought same-sex marriage should not be legalized, with 43% thinking it should be and 8% were unsure.[38] An October 2014 poll by YouGov found that 45% of Ohio respondents were in favor of same-sex marriage, with 40% against such unions and 15% being unsure.[39]

A 2016 PRRI poll showed a 56% majority in favor of same-sex marriage in Ohio.[40] In 2017, the PRRI found that 61% of Ohio respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 33% opposed it and 6% were unsure.[41] A PRRI survey conducted between March 8 and November 9, 2021 showed that 69% of Ohio respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 30% were opposed.[42] According to a survey conducted by the same polling organization between March 11 and December 14, 2022, 70% of Ohio respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 28% were opposed.[3]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "The Latest: Same-sex marriages underway in Ohio". Fox 19 Now. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  2. ^ Geidner, Chris (June 26, 2015). "Jim Obergefell Is First In Line, Awaiting Supreme Court's Word On His Marriage". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  3. ^ a b "PRRI – American Values Atlas 2022: Ohio". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  4. ^ What is DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act)?
  5. ^ Sub. H.B. 272
  6. ^ "Ohio citizens approve Issue 1". The Post (Ohio University). November 3, 2004. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  7. ^ "Ohio could get chance to approve same-sex marriage". Cleveland.com. June 26, 2013.
  8. ^ "After SCOTUS rulings on gay marriage, what's next for Ohio?". Columbus Monthly. June 2013.
  9. ^ "Jim Petro, Former Ohio GOP Attorney General, Backs Campaign To Overturn State Gay Marriage Ban". Huffington Post. July 8, 2013.
  10. ^ "Legal Marriage Court Cases — A Timeline". www.buddybuddy.com. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  11. ^ "Ohio Officials Ordered To Recognize Gay Couple's Marriage". Buzzfeed. July 22, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  12. ^ "Gay Ohio Couple Win Extension Recognizing Marriage". Edge Boston. August 13, 2013.
  13. ^ Bzdek, Vincent; Sewell, Dan (December 23, 2013). "Ohio's ban on gay marriage ruled unconstitutional in limited case". Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  14. ^ Myers, Amanda Lee (February 10, 2014). "Couples Sue to Force Ohio's Hand on Gay Marriage". ABC News. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  15. ^ Myers, Amanda Lee (April 14, 2014). "Judge: Ohio must recognize other states' gay marriages". USA Today. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  16. ^ Snow, Justin (April 16, 2014). "Federal judge grants partial stay in Ohio marriage-ban ruling". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  17. ^ Geidner, Chris (November 6, 2014). "Federal Appeals Court Upholds Four States' Same-Sex Marriage Bans". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  18. ^ Geidner, Chris (January 16, 2015). "Supreme Court Will Hear Four Cases Challenging Same-Sex Marriage Bans". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  19. ^ "Gay marriage ceremonies begin in Ohio after ban rejected by Supreme Court". WLWT 5. June 26, 2015.
  20. ^ a b "Same-Sex Couples Receive Marriage Licenses In Downtown Columbus Following Supreme Court Ruling". WOSU. June 26, 2015.
  21. ^ "Reactions to Supreme Court ruling on gay marriage". Sunny95. June 26, 2015.
  22. ^ "First gay couple married in Cleveland hours after release of Supreme Court ruling". Cleveland.com. June 26, 2015.
  23. ^ Rodzinka, Paul (June 26, 2015). "Mayor Whaley marries first same sex couple in Dayton". WDTV. Dayton.
  24. ^ "First southern Ohio same-sex marriage license issued". Portsmouth Daily Times. June 30, 2015.
  25. ^ Henderson, Emilie (June 27, 2019). "Looking back at Lucas County's first same sex marriage". Wtol11.
  26. ^ Eigelbach, Kevin (June 26, 2016). "Who's keeping track of how many marriage licenses same-sex couples have received? No one". WCPO.
  27. ^ "Ohio Supreme Court ditches 'husband' and 'wife' for gender neutral terms". LGBT Nation. March 15, 2016.
  28. ^ "Ohio Supreme Court Adopts Gender-Neutral Language". WYSO. March 15, 2016.
  29. ^ "Census Snapshot" (PDF). Williams Institute. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  30. ^ "Same-sex Couples in Ohio: A demographic summary" (PDF). The Williams Institute. April 2014.
  31. ^ "Characteristics of Same-Sex Couple Households: 2005 to Present". census.gov.
  32. ^ "PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
  33. ^ Somashekhar, Sandhya; Craighill, Peyton M. (October 9, 2012). "Polls in Fla., Ohio and Va. see same-sex marriage support". Washington Post. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  34. ^ Rowland, Darrel (March 24, 2012). "Poll: Ohio marriage views shift". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
  35. ^ "Plurality Of Ohioans Support Gay Marriage". On Top Magazine. August 23, 2013.
  36. ^ Quinnipiac HomeRegional DefinitionsContacts and InformationStaffSearch Releases February 24, 2014 - Ohio Voters Back Medical Marijuana 8-1 Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Support For Same-Sex Marriage Hits 50 Percent
  37. ^ A Shifting Landscape
  38. ^ OH Voters Are Focused on Job Creation, Opposed to Affordable Care Act, Split on Same-Sex Marriage, In Favor of Medical Marijuana:
  39. ^ "YouGov | Voters in 31 states favor same-sex marriage". YouGov: What the world thinks. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  40. ^ "Public opinion on same-sex marriage by state: Ohio". ava.prri.org.
  41. ^ "Public opinion on same-sex marriage by state: Ohio". ava.prri.org.
  42. ^ "PRRI – American Values Atlas 2021: Ohio". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Ohio