This is a list of subcultures.
A[edit]
B[edit]
- BBQ
- BDSM[1]
- Beat Generation,[2] see beatnik
- Bent edge
- Bikers, see motorcycle clubs and outlaw motorcycle clubs
- Bills[4]
- Biopunk[5][6]
- Bird Watching
- Bodybuilding[7]
- Bohemianism[8]
- Bro
- Bodgies & Widgies
- Bogan
C[edit]
- Cacophony Society
- Car club
- Casuals
- Choir
- Chonga
- Cosplayers[9]
- Crusties
- Cryptozoology
- Cubing
- Cyberpunk[10]
- Cybergoth[11]
- Cholos & Cholas
- Chavs
- Cottagecore
D[edit]
- Dandy
- Dark academia
- Deadhead
- Deaf culture[12]
- Decora
- Demoscene[13]
- Densha Otaku
- Directioners
- Dizelaši
- Drag
- Dresiarz
E[edit]
F[edit]
G[edit]
- Gabber
- Gambler
- Gamer
- Glam rock[19]
- Glam metal[20]
- Goth subculture[21]
- Greaser[22]
- Gutter punk
- Gopnik
- Grunge
- Geek
- Guido / Goombah
- Gyaru
H[edit]
- Hacker[23]
- Halbstarke
- Hardcore punk
- Hardline
- Heavy metal subculture[24]
- Metalcore[25]
- Metalheads
- Mötorheadbangers[26]
- Hepcat
- Hip hop culture, see also B-boy, graffiti artists, Krump dancing
- Hippie/Hippy[27]
- Hipster, see hipster (1940s subculture) and hipster (contemporary subculture)
- Hobo
- Hulkamaniac
I[edit]
- Incroyables
- Indie
- Industrial,[28] see also rivethead
J[edit]
K[edit]
- K-pop, see culture of Korea
L[edit]
- Lad culture
- La Sape
- Leather subculture
- Light academia
- Live Action Role-Players (LARPers)
- Losties[31][32]
- Lolita[9][33]
M[edit]
N[edit]
New Wave
O[edit]
P[edit]
- Pachuco[39]
- Paninaro
- Paranormal hunting/ghost hunting
- PC Master Race
- Peckerwood
- Pokémon
- Prepper
- Preppy,[40] see also valley girl and popular clique
- Psychedelia[41][42] and psychonauts[43][44]
- Punk subculture[45]
- Poor White, see also hillbilly and yokel
Q[edit]
R[edit]
- Raggare
- Railfan
- Rave[46]
- Redneck
- Riot grrrl[47]
- Rivethead, see industrial music
- Rockabilly[48]
- Rocker[49]
- Role-playing gamers[50]
- Rude boy[48][51]
- Roadmen
S[edit]
- Scene
- Science fiction fandom
- Scooterboy[52]
- Scouting[53]
- Seapunk[54]
- Skater[55][56]
- Skinhead;[57] See also: gay skinhead,[57] redskin, Trojan skinhead, white power skinhead, & suedehead[58]
- Soft grunge
- Solarpunk
- Soulboy[59]
- Stargate fandom
- Steampunk[60]
- Stilyaga
- Straight edge
- Surf
- Sharpies
T[edit]
- Tamarro (Italian subculture from the 90's)[61]
- Teenybopper[62]
- Teddy Boy[63]
- TikTok
- Tiki culture
- Tombakowa młodzież
- Trainspotters in the United Kingdom
- Trekkie[64]
- Trucking (or Trucker)
U[edit]
- Unilalianism
- Ufo Uap tracking
- Uncyclopedians
V[edit]
W[edit]
Y[edit]
Z[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ BDSM sources:
- Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Leiblum, Sandra R. (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.
- Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.
- ^ Ken Gelder pages 295 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine. Chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
- ^ Kersten, Joachim (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency. 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002. S2CID 143674993.
- ^ Trefon, Theodore (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.). Zed Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84277-491-5. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
- ^ Xue, Katherine (2014). "Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie". Harvard Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Haywire, Rachel (20 March 2012). "Becoming Ourselves". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Sources for Boispedink: Klein, Alan M. (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
- Yiannakis, Andrew; Melnick, Merrill J. (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ Sources:
- McFarland, Gerald W. (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Brake, Mike (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ a b Gagné, Isaac (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 18 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 130–176(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x.
- ^ "Cyberpunk as a Subculture". Information Database.
- ^ bell 2001, pages 101-102, 154-184
- ^ Sources:
- Marschark, Marc (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-511575-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Braden, Jeffery P. (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-44686-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ Sources:
- Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.
- "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Sources for emo subculture:
- Steinberg, Shirley R.; Parmar, Priya; Richard, Birgit (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33729-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Scott, Lydia; Chur-Hansen, Anna (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151. S2CID 31717119.
- Kirsch, Michele (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Hawley, Chris (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5. doi:10.5172/jamh.5.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- ^ Pappas, Stephanie (5 February 2018). "Flat Earth: What Fuels the Internet's Strangest Conspiracy Theory?". Live Science. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ Lanuza, JM; Ong, Jonathan Corpus (28 August 2019). "Beyond Conspiracy: the ties that bind Filipino Flat Earthers and populist supporters". Media@LSE. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ Thompson, Clive (18 September 2020). "YouTube's Plot to Silence Conspiracy Theories". Wired. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ Davis, Fred; Munoz, Laura (2011). "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies". In Rainwater, Lee (ed.). Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. Aldine Transaction. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-1-4128-1503-1. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
- ^ Sources for glam:
- Stratton, Jon (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
- Marchetti, Gina (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Goodlad, pages: 6 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 19-20 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 34-35 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 66 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 78 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 92 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 259 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hair metal", AllMusic. Retrieved November 2014.
- ^ Spooner, Catherine; McEvoy, Emma (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 978-0-415-39843-5.
- ^ Ken Gelder pages 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- ^ Sources:
- bell 2001,pages 179-185
- Thomas, Douglas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3.
- ^ Sources:Arnett, Jeffrey (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973. S2CID 143389132.Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265
- ^ "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
- ^ Grow, Kory (29 December 2015). "Metallica's Lars Ulrich on Lemmy: 'His Spirit Will Always Live in Us'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Ken Gelder pages:
- 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder
- 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;
- 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
- 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
- ^ Goodlad, page 68-71 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sources:
- Karen Bettez Halnon (Winter 2006). "Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism". Symbolic Interaction. 29 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33.
- Karen Bettez Halnon (2004). "Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain". Critical Sociology. 30 (3): 743–779. doi:10.1163/1569163042119868. S2CID 220912143.
- ^ Baker, Billy (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
- ^ "ABC Television and Creation Entertainment bring the Official Lost Fan Club and Special Events to Cities Around the World" (Press release). ABC. May 12, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
- ^ Kaplan, Don (June 15, 2005). "Lost Fans Hold Convention for Show". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
- ^ Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-3064-2.
- ^ Ken Gelder
- Muslim
- 84 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;
- 94 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 101 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
- ^ Stratton, Jon (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 15–38. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
- ^ Sources for nudism:Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-20663-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Steen, Edwin B.; Price, James H. (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30. Pages: 179 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 194-196
- ^ Ken Gelder pages: 516, 550
- ^ Buckley, Sandra (2002). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ Pachuco sources:
- Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 978-0-8229-5686-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Lock, Margaret M.; Farquhar, Judith (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 978-0-8223-3845-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Austin, Joe; Willard, Michael (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6.
- Ken Gelder page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer
- Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 978-0-8229-5686-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ DeLamater, John D. (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-0-306-47695-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "RhymeZone - Psychedelia". Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ "memidex - Psychedelias". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ "Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts'". 28 November 2000. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ "New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area". 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Ken Gelder pages:
- ^ Sources:
- Ken Gelder
- chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192
- chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
- chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543
- McRobbie, Angela (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.
- Hazlehurst, Cameron (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Ken Gelder
- ^ Sources:
- ^ a b Muggleton, pages 721,728 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ken Gelder pages:
- ^ Sources:
- Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236––. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson; Beeler, Stan; Dickson, Lisa (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Sources:
- Epstein, page 100
- Ken Gelder pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)
- ^ Ken Gelder pages:
- 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- 131 Archived 2021-03-03 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- ^ Sources for Scouting:
- Proctor, Tammy M. (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.
- ^ "Seapunk: scenester in-joke or underground art movement?". The Guardian. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ [Penguin Dictionary of Sociology 2006 p.384]
- ^ "Skateboarding – Subcultures and Sociology". Sk8spt. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ a b Ken Gelder pages:
- 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
- 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson
- 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
- 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw
- ^ "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Institute of Contemporary Arts : DANCESCHOOL : Subjective Thoughts on a Neglected Scene". Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Sources for steampunk:
- Gizzo, Erico. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 45, no. 10. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4635034.
- La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". E-compos Revista da Associação Nacional Dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- Amaral, Adriana (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ^ source: https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarro Archived 2020-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sources:
- Ken Gelder pages:
- Brake, Mike (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ Ken Gelder pages:
- 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
- 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen
- 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder
- 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R. Fyvel
- 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
- 367 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
- ^ Trekkie sources:
- Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. Archived from the original on 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED.
- bell 2001 page 167–169
- Kozinets, Robert V. (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1086/321948.
- Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. Archived from the original on 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
- ^ Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine by Alf Rehn. A study of the illegal subculture known as the "warez scene".
- ^ Herman, Andrew; Swiss, Thomas (2014-04-08). The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. p. 103. ISBN 9781135205126. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
- ^ Zazou sources:
- Portis, Larry (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58939-547-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Crane, Diana (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-226-11799-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Uhlmann, Anthony (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-521-64076-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
References[edit]
- Bell, David, ed. (2001). "Cybersubcultures". An Introduction to Cybercultures. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24659-0.
- Epstein, Jonathon S. (1998). Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55786-851-0.
- Gelder, Ken, ed. (2005). The Subcultures Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34415-9. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
- Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael (2007). Goth. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3921-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Muggleton, David (2002). Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-352-3.
