Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

The following is an incomplete list of notable individuals that have entered an Alford plea. An Alford plea (also referred to as Alford guilty plea[1][2][3] and Alford doctrine)[4][5][6] in the law of the United States is a guilty plea in criminal court,[7][8][9] where the defendant does not admit the act and asserts innocence.[10][11][12] Under the Alford plea the defendant admits that sufficient evidence exists with which the prosecution could likely convince a judge or jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.[4][13][14][15][16]

Background[edit]

Supreme Court case[edit]

Supreme Court Justice Byron White wrote the majority opinion

This form of plea is derived from the 1970 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case North Carolina v. Alford.[17] Henry Alford of Forsyth County, North Carolina was indicted for first degree murder in 1963.[18][19] At the time under North Carolina law a conviction of first degree murder automatically brought with it the death penalty, unless the jury recommended otherwise, in which case the defendant would receive a mandatory life sentence.[20][21] Alford said he was innocent, but the prosecution had significant evidence to the contrary.[19] Witnesses stated Alford had said he wanted to kill the victim, then grabbed his gun and left his residence.[19] Witnesses said that Alford subsequently declared he had killed the victim.[19] His defense advised Alford to plead to the crime of second degree murder because of the belief that the strong evidence would lead to a conviction.[19] He pleaded guilty to second degree murder in 1963.[18] He did so in order to avoid a possible death sentence.[18] Alford maintained he was innocent of the crime itself, but feared going to trial because of the capital punishment associated with the charge of first degree murder.[22] He was given a sentence of thirty years in jail.[18]

Alford appealed, and argued that his conviction for second degree murder should be overturned because he said the plea was coercive in nature.[23] The matter came before the Supreme Court, and in its ruling the court said that the trial judge in Alford's criminal case was appropriate in having accepted the defendant's plea of guilty.[18] The Court said that the decision to plead guilty while maintaining his innocence was a reasonable choice for Alford to have made at the time.[23] Supreme Court Justice Byron White wrote the majority opinion.[18] The Supreme Court case was decided 5–3.[18] "[T]hat he would not have pleaded except for the opportunity to limit the possible penalty does not necessarily demonstrate that the plea of guilty was not the product of a free and rational choice", said the Supreme Court decision.[22] The Court ruled that a plea of guilty that was "a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action" was not a coercive decision.[21] Justice White wrote that, "Express admission of guilt is not constitutional requisite to imposition of criminal penalty."[20] In 1975, Alford died while in jail at the age of 57.[19]

Usage of plea[edit]

When a defendant indicates an intention to plead guilty by Alford plea, the judge asks two questions: "Do you now consider it to be in your best interest to plead guilty?" and "Do you understand that upon your 'Alford plea' you will be treated as being guilty whether or not you admit that you are in fact guilty?"[19] Prosecutors and defense lawyers characterize Alford pleas as a required method of lessening pressure of the nature of the justice process.[17] Both parties get to maneuver around not knowing what the outcome could be at trial, and are able to come to a resolution.[17] The Alford plea does not itself affect the sentencing process, and the convicted individual is sentenced just as if he had entered a normal guilty plea.[18][20] The defendant may be hurt at the sentencing process by having used an Alford plea, as the judge may see this as a sign that the defendant has not accepted responsibility for his actions.[24] Duke University law professor Robert P. Mosteller commented on this possible effect at sentencing, "They get you more harm than good."[24] Orange County, North Carolina District Attorney Jim Woodall said that the frequency of Alford pleas is higher with criminal cases involving a charge of a sexual offense, as the defendant does not wish to admit to their family and the public that they were responsible for the crime.[24] Psychologist Bob Carbo noted that sexual offenders undergoing treatment for their actions after being ordered to so under terms of their Alford plea cause problems because the first step in therapy is to take responsibility for committing the crime.[24] "We can't help this person if they're not willing to admit they did something", said Carbo.[24]

John Gulash, a lawyer on the Connecticut State Bar Association's criminal justice executive committee, acknowledged, "It's unfortunate, but it's a reality that you will receive, in most instances, a much more severe penalty if you lost after trial than if you pled before the trial."[17] Defendants gain the potential benefit of being able to tell possible employers after their conviction in a crime that they maintained their innocence and only pleaded guilty under the Alford doctrine because of the nature of the situation and the evidence presented.[17] Professor of law at Quinnipiac University and former federal prosecutor Jeffrey Meyer said of the Alford doctrine, "It's part of an idealist vision of a judicial system that it is for the adjudication of truth."[17] Meyer commented on what would happen were the Alford doctrine to become no longer applicable, "My suspicion is if the state could dispense with the Alford doctrine, over time, it probably wouldn't change very much the rate at which cases plead out. More than 95 percent of cases in federal court go by guilty plea. It's difficult to make the case that without the Alford doctrine, there would be an immense number of defendants who would end up going to trial."[17] Raleigh, North Carolina lawyer Wade Smith said that the frequency of application of the Alford plea is, "Fairly often. There are many times when people don't want to plead guilty, but then do, in fact, plead guilty."[18]

List[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

A[edit]

  • Raven Abaroa - The jury was deadlocked in Raven Abaroa's 2013 trial for the murder of his wife Janet. When the state of North Carolina offered him a deal shortly before his second trial was to begin, he took it, saying, "I didn't receive a fair trial the first time, and I don’t think I'll receive a fair trial the second time." Abaroa was sentenced to 95 to 123 months in prison for the crime of voluntary manslaughter, and ended up serving approximately 7 years.[25][26]
  • Henry Alford – indicted for first degree murder in 1963; maintained his innocence but pleaded guilty to second degree murder due to the significance of the evidence.[27] He pleaded guilty to second degree murder so as to avoid the death penalty.[23] Alford appealed, and the Supreme Court of the United States issued a ruling that trial courts are allowed to accept pleas of guilty from criminal defendants even if the defendants do not wish to admit to guilty, and wish to plead guilty in order to take advantage of a plea deal.[27] This type of plea described by the 1970 ruling of the Supreme Court became known as the Alford plea.[27]
  • John Dylan Adams - entered an Alford plea in the kidnapping, rape and killing of 20-year-old nursing student Holly Lynn Bobo. Adams is currently (April 2018) serving a 35-year sentence without parole in the Tennessee Department of Correction.[1]

B[edit]

  • Scott Bairstow – actor of Party of Five fame, entered Alford plea in 2003 to second-degree assault; was initially charged with second-degree child rape of 12-year-old girl.[28] He received a sentence of four months in jail for the assault.[29]
  • Jason Baldwin. Arkansas, 2011 One of the West Memphis Three.[30] Along with Echols and Misskelley, he was convicted of the 1993 murders of three 8-year-old boys in 1994. He was sentenced to life without parole. He entered the plea to get Echols off death row. He was sentenced to time served: 18 years and 78 days and released that same day.
  • James B. Black, former Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives, gave an Alford plea in 2007 on charges brought by the state of North Carolina of obstruction of justice and bribery.[24][31] Black was accused of bribing former state Representative Michael Decker $50,000 to switch his political allegiance, thereby keeping Black in power as co-Speaker of the House.[32]
  • Michael Bray – American anti-abortion activist; he was arrested by U.S. federal law enforcement from the ATF in connection with an anti-abortion bombing.[33] He entered an Alford plea in 1987 and received a prison sentence of six years.[34] He served just over forty-six months in a federal jail.[34]
  • Ted Brown – American and former collegiate and professional football player, played for the Minnesota Vikings.[35] After being charged with criminal sexual assault in an incident in Mille Lacs County, Minnesota, Brown entered an Alford plea on a lesser charge, and agreed to perform 100 hours of community service.[35] Mille Lacs County challenged the plea deal,[36] and in 2006 a ruling from the Minnesota Court of Appeals overturned it after the woman involved in the incident told prosecutors she did not approve of the deal.[37]

C[edit]

  • Kiari Cephus – rapper known as Offset; entered an Alford plea in December 2015 to felony battery and inciting a riot within a penal facility in exchange for dismissing criminal charges in relation to an April 2015 arrest at the Georgia Southern University for drug and firearm possession.[38]
  • Raymond Clark III, the perpetrator in the murder of Annie Le.
  • H. Brent Coles – former Mayor of Boise, Idaho; entered an Alford plea to two felony charges of presenting a fraudulent account or voucher and misuse of public money by officers.[39] The plea was made in accordance with a deal by the State Attorney General of Idaho.[39] Coles had resigned from his position as mayor amidst complaints filed against him by the State Attorney General's office.[40]

E[edit]

  • Damien Echols, Arkansas, 2011. One of the West Memphis Three.[30] Along with Baldwin and Misskelley, he was convicted in 1994 for the 1993 murders of three 8-year-old boys. He was sentenced to death but always maintained his innocence. After entering the plea, he was sentenced to time served: 18 years and 78 days, and was released that same day.

F[edit]

H[edit]

  • Pam Hupp - American woman who murdered Louis Gumpenberger.[45]

J[edit]

  • Adam Jones – professional American cornerback; entered an Alford plea in 2008 to a felony charge of obstruction of a police officer involving an incident from February 2006.[46] After the plea deal involving the incident with the police officer in Georgia, Jones received a felony conviction.[47][48]

L[edit]

M[edit]

  • Darren Mack – entered Alford plea in 2008 to the charge of attempted murder related to shooting of Chuck Weller, family court judge in Washoe County, Nevada.[51] Mack stated in court that he shot the judge on the same day he had cut his wife Charla Mack's throat at his residence in Reno, Nevada.[52]
  • Lee Boyd Malvo – entered Alford plea in 2004 related to Beltway sniper attacks, as part of a plea deal to avoid the death penalty.[53] Malvo's Alford plea was treated as a guilty plea at his sentencing hearing, and he received a term of life in prison for charges of murder and attempted murder.[54]
  • Jessie Misskelley, Jr., Arkansas, 2011, One of the West Memphis Three.[30] Along with Echols and Baldwin, he was convicted of the 1993 murders of three 8-year-old boys in 1994. He was sentenced to life in prison. After entering the plea, he was sentenced to time served: 18 years and 78 days, and was released that same day.
  • Jeff Monson – mixed martial arts fighter, entered an Alford plea related to the act of using spray-paint to add graffiti to the armed services recruitment center in Lacey, Washington.[55] In addition to the Alford plea to spray-painting the military recruiting building, Monson also pleaded guilty to first-degree malicious mischief for painting an anarchist symbol at the Washington State Capitol.[56]
  • John Michael Montgomery – country music singer, entered an Alford plea in 2006, on charges related to drunken driving.[57] Montgomery acknowledged that prosecutors in the case had sufficient evidence to convict him of the charges, agreed to pay fines and court costs and was ordered to finish an education session about alcohol usage.[58]
  • Alex Murdaugh - After being convicted of murdering his wife and youngest son, Murdaugh entered into a plea deal to resolve the remaining state-level charges against him that related to his decade of thefts from his clients and law partners. Murdaugh pleaded guilty to 21 of the charges, and entered into an Alford plea for one charge that regarded his alleged theft from his brother. In exchange, the approximately 88 remaining charges against him were dropped. Murdaugh received a 27-year sentence, to run concurrent with the two life sentences he is already serving. [59]

P[edit]

  • Ruben Patterson – American professional basketball player; entered an Alford plea in 2001 while in Seattle, Washington, on a charge related to an incident with his children's nanny.[60] He had been charged by prosecutors in King County, Washington, with third-degree attempted rape, after the nanny stated to police that Patterson forced her to perform oral sex on him.[61] Patterson received a sentence of 15 days in jail.[61] Patterson was mandated to register as a sex offender in Washington.[60]
  • Michael Peterson - American novelist; On February 24, 2017, Peterson entered an Alford Plea to the voluntary manslaughter of Kathleen Peterson. The judge sentenced him to a maximum of 86 months in prison, with credit for time previously served. Because Peterson had already served more time than the sentence, he did not face additional prison time.

R[edit]

  • Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh – later called Osho. Founder of Rajneesh movement. – entered an Alford plea and convicted on charges of immigration fraud.[62] Fined $400,000 and deported from the United States in 1985, returned to his native India.[63][64][65][66][67][68]
  • Tina Resch, also known as Christina Boyer – entered an Alford plea to charges of aggravated assault and felony murder of Amber Bennet, Resch's three-year-old daughter.[69] She received a jail sentence of life plus 20 years.[69] Resch had previously been known for being related to possible poltergeist activity, and she was studied by a parapsychologist.[70]
  • Koren Robinson – American football wide receiver, entered an Alford plea in 2007 related to a felony charge of evading police, after an incident involving a high speed car chase.[71] Under a plea deal, Robinson agreed to plead guilty to one felony charge of fleeing police, and prosecutors agreed to dismiss other charges including drunken driving, reckless driving and driving without a licence.[72]
  • Scott Rosenberg – film screenwriter; along with actor Vince Vaughn, entered an Alford plea in relation to a fight that occurred in a bar in Wilmington, North Carolina.[73] The dispute occurred while the two were in the area filming Domestic Disturbance.[74]
  • Kelly Ryan – fitness professional, entered an Alford plea in 2008 in the death of Melissa James.[75] James died in 2005; her body was found in a luxury vehicle in the desert outside Las Vegas, Nevada.[76] As part of the Alford plea, Ryan pleaded guilty to battery with a deadly weapon resulting in significant bodily harm.[76]

V[edit]

W[edit]

  • West Memphis Three, Arkansas 2011. See Damien Echols, Jessie Misskelley, Jr. and Jason Baldwin.[30] All three were convicted of the 1993 murders of three 8-year-old boys in 1994. In 2011 they agreed to an Alford plea to get Echols off death row and get out of prison. They maintain that they are innocent and will continue with their investigations on looking for the real killer and clear their names. As part of the deal, they were released that same day, they must serve 10 years probation, cannot seek civil litigations against the state, cannot profit off their story, and will be sent back to prison for another 21 years if they re-offend.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  3. ^ Huff, C. Ronald; Martin Killias (2008). Wrongful Conviction. Temple University Press. pp. 143, 289. ISBN 978-1-59213-645-2.
  4. ^ a b Daly, Kathleen (1996). Gender, Crime, and Punishment. Yale University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-300-06866-2.
  5. ^ Thompson, Norma (2006). Unreasonable Doubt. University of Missouri Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-8262-1638-2.
  6. ^ Neighbors, Ira; Anne Chambers; Ellen Levin; Gila Nordman; Cynthia Tutrone (2002). Social Work and the Law. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7890-1548-8.
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  8. ^ Anderson, James F. (2002). Criminal Justice and Criminology: Concepts and Terms. University Press of America. p. 7. ISBN 0-7618-2224-0.
  9. ^ Wild, Susan Ellis (2006). Webster's New World Law Dictionary. Webster's New World. p. 21. ISBN 0-7645-4210-9.
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  11. ^ Champion, Dean J. (1998). Dictionary of American Criminal Justice: Key Terms and Major Supreme Court Cases. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 1-57958-073-4.
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  13. ^ Fisher, George (2003). Plea Bargaining's Triumph: A History of Plea Bargaining in America. Stanford University Press. p. 319. ISBN 0-8047-5135-8.
  14. ^ Davidson, Michael J. (1999). A Guide to Military Criminal Law. US Naval Institute Press. p. 56. ISBN 1-55750-155-6.
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  28. ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer staff (December 6, 2003). "Actor pleads to lesser charge in child-rape case". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. www.seattlepi.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  29. ^ Whitely, Peyton (January 17, 2004). "Actor gets 4 months for assault in sex case". The Seattle Times. seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  30. ^ a b c d New York Times Deal Frees ‘West Memphis Three’ in Arkansas (2011-08-19)
  31. ^ Robertson, Gary D. (July 16, 2009). "NC judge sentences Black to more prison time". AP Alert – Political. Associated Press.
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  33. ^ Risen, James; Judy Thomas (1999). Wrath Of Angels: The American Abortion War. Basic Books. pp. 96, 99. ISBN 978-0-465-09273-4.
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  35. ^ a b Levy, Paul (September 3, 2005). "Former Viking's charges reduced; In plea, Brown won't face trial on Arctic Blast sexual-assault charge". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  36. ^ Levy, Paul (September 10, 2005). "County challenges plea by ex-Viking Brown". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. p. 9B.
  37. ^ Meryhew, Richard (February 15, 2006). "Appeals Court says no deal to Arctic Blast plea bargain – Former Vikings star may have to face charges of criminal sexual assault after all". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. p. 4B.
  38. ^ "Offset of Migos Has Been Released From Jail (UPDATED)". Complex. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
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  40. ^ The Spokesman-Review staff (February 15, 2003). "Boise Mayor, already under fire, quits amid Olympic charges". The Spokesman-Review. p. B1.
  41. ^ a b Stockwell, Jamie (August 10, 2006). "30-Year Sentence In Slaying Of Student". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
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  44. ^ Bresnahan, John (November 26, 2007). "Filner Cops To Trespassing, Will Pay Fine". Politico. CBS News. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  45. ^ Singer, Cathy (June 19, 2019). "Pam Hupp avoids death penalty with plea, faces life in prison for 2016 murder of Louis Gumpenberger". NBC. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  46. ^ ESPN.com news services (March 21, 2008). "Cowboys, Titans reportedly engaged in Pacman talks". ESPN. sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  47. ^ "Jones delays filing for NFL reinstatement until possible trade". The Hamilton Spectator. Ontario, Canada. Associated Press. April 16, 2008. p. SP13.
  48. ^ The Toronto Star staff (February 15, 2008). "Prosecutor: Pacman a convicted felon – Suspended Titan settles last of six charges; former QB subdued". The Toronto Star. Ontario, Canada: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. p. S06.
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  55. ^ "Ex-UFC fighter Monson pleads guilty to mischief, could face jail". USA Today. www.usatoday.com. Associated Press. July 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  56. ^ UPI staff (July 29, 2009). "Fighting champ admits anarchist graffiti". United Press International. www.upi.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
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  69. ^ a b Horn, Sue (January 20, 2008). "The real story of Christina Resch Boyer: Did a "perfect storm" of events lead to life imprisonment?". Carroll Star News. Carrollton, Georgia: The Georgia Rail and Press Company. p. 1.
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  71. ^ AP staff (January 24, 2007). "Former Seahawks wide receiver enters plea in police chase". AP Alert – Washington. Associated Press.
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  73. ^ a b The Providence Journal staff (June 5, 2001). "People". The Providence Journal. p. F2.
  74. ^ a b Dayton Daily News staff (June 2, 2001). "Vince Vaughn, writer enter pleas in brawl". Dayton Daily News. Dayton, Ohio. p. 2A.
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Further reading[edit]

  • McConville, Mike (1998). "Plea Bargainings: Ethics and Politics". Journal of Law and Society. 25 (4): 562–587. doi:10.1111/1467-6478.00103. S2CID 146427753.
  • Shipley, Curtis J. (1987). "The Alford Plea: A Necessary But Unpredictable Tool for the Criminal Defendant". Iowa Law Review. 72: 1063. ISSN 0021-0552.
  • Ward, Bryan H. (2003). "A Plea Best Not Taken: Why Criminal Defendants Should Avoid the Alford Plea". Missouri Law Review. 68: 913. ISSN 0026-6604.

External links[edit]

Court cases
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_entered_an_Alford_plea