Undid revision 1145997822 by Reywas92 (talk) the link to the article in question wasn’t removed. I removed a redundant link from itself to itself. Tags: Undo Reverted |
Allan Nonymous (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1221553961 by Allan Nonymous (talk), hoo boy, the status of this thing is complicated. Tag: Undo |
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[[File:Mount Rushmore Monument Stamp.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]] on a commemorative 1952 stamp|alt=Green 3-cent postage stamp showing people looking at Mount Rushmore]] |
[[File:Mount Rushmore Monument Stamp.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Rushmore National Memorial]] on a commemorative 1952 stamp|alt=Green 3-cent postage stamp showing people looking at Mount Rushmore]] |
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National memorial is a designation in the [[United States]] for an officially recognized area that [[memorial]]izes a historic person or event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/designations.htm|title=Designations of National Park System Units|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2020|September|df=US}} the [[National Park Service]] (NPS), an agency of the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]], owns and administers thirty-one memorials as [[List of the United States National Park System official units|official units]] and provides assistance for five more, known as affiliated areas, that are operated by other organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-01-13-17.pdf|title=National Park System|date=January 13, 2017|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Congress has also designated twenty-two additional independently operated sites as national memorials. Another five memorials have been authorized and are in the planning stage. Memorials need not be located on a site directly related to the subject,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/nps-designations.htm|title=What's In a Name? Discover National Park System Designations|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref> and many, such as the [[Lincoln Memorial]], do not have the word "national" in their titles. There is a degree of overlap in development of some areas designated as memorials, [[List of national monuments of the United States|monuments]], and [[National Historic Site (United States)|historic sites]], and their characterization is not always consistent with their names, such as whether the site is closely associated with whom it memorializes.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Mackintosh|first=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swX7ZuDQT4YC|title=The National Parks: Shaping the System|date=2005|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|isbn=978-0-912627-73-1|pages=32–33|language=en}}</ref> |
National memorial is a designation in the [[United States]] for an officially recognized area that [[memorial]]izes a historic person or event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/designations.htm|title=Designations of National Park System Units|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 4, 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2020|September|df=US}} the [[National Park Service]] (NPS), an agency of the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]], owns and administers thirty-one memorials as [[List of the United States National Park System official units|official units]] and provides assistance for five more, known as affiliated areas, that are operated by other organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-01-13-17.pdf|title=National Park System|date=January 13, 2017|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Congress has also designated twenty-two additional independently operated sites as national memorials. Another five memorials have been authorized and are in the planning stage. Memorials need not be located on a site directly related to the subject,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/nps-designations.htm|title=What's In a Name? Discover National Park System Designations|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref> and many, such as the [[Lincoln Memorial]], do not have the word "national" in their titles. There is a degree of overlap in development of some areas designated as memorials, [[List of national monuments of the United States|monuments]], and [[National Historic Site (United States)|historic sites]], and their characterization is not always consistent with their names, such as whether the site is closely associated with whom it memorializes.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Mackintosh|first=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swX7ZuDQT4YC|title=The National Parks: Shaping the System|date=2005|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|isbn=978-0-912627-73-1|pages=32–33|language=en}}</ref> |
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The earliest and perhaps most recognizable is the uniquely designated [[Washington Monument]], which was completed in 1884 and transferred to the NPS in 1933. The most recently established is the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial]], dedicated in 2020. The [[Pearl Harbor National Memorial]] was created out of the [[World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument]] in 2019 and was previously just the [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]]. The NPS national memorials are in 15 states and the [[District of Columbia]]. Washington, D.C., has the most, twelve, followed by [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New York (state)|New York]], each with three. The affiliated areas are in four states (two additional beyond those with NPS memorials) and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], while the other sites are in nine states (five additional), the District of Columbia, and [[Midway Atoll]]. Creation of new memorials in Washington, D.C. is governed by the [[Commemorative Works Act]], while outside the District there are no systematic regulations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2019|title=Memorials and Commemorative Works Outside Washington, DC: Background, Federal Role, and Options for Congress|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45741.pdf |
The earliest and perhaps most recognizable is the uniquely designated [[Washington Monument]], which was completed in 1884 and transferred to the NPS in 1933. The most recently established is the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial]], dedicated in 2020. The [[Pearl Harbor National Memorial]] was created out of the [[World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument]] in 2019 and was previously just the [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]]. The NPS national memorials are in 15 states and the [[District of Columbia]]. Washington, D.C., has the most, twelve, followed by [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New York (state)|New York]], each with three. The affiliated areas are in four states (two additional beyond those with NPS memorials) and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], while the other sites are in nine states (five additional), the District of Columbia, and [[Midway Atoll]]. Creation of new memorials in Washington, D.C. is governed by the [[Commemorative Works Act]], while outside the District there are no systematic regulations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2019|title=Memorials and Commemorative Works Outside Washington, DC: Background, Federal Role, and Options for Congress|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45741.pdf|access-date=March 22, 2021|publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> |
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Among the NPS national memorials and affiliated areas, ten celebrate [[U.S. presidents|US presidents]], eleven recognize other historic figures, six commemorate wars, five memorialize disasters, and five represent early exploration. Eleven of the twenty-two non-NPS memorials commemorate wars or veterans, another ten represent groups of people who died for related reasons, and one relates to Native American history. Several major war memorials are located on or near the [[National Mall]], contributing to the [[national identity]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/a-wave-of-war-memorials-is-coming-to-dc-are-we-all-at-peace-with-that/2018/07/30/87980d18-794d-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html|title=A wave of war memorials is coming to D.C. Are we all at peace with that?|last=Montgomery|first=David|date=July 31, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RiQiBwzFCcC&pg=PA56|title=Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America|last=Doss|first=Erika|date=2012-09-07|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15939-3|language=en}}</ref> The historic areas within the National Park System are automatically listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="act">[http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/nhpa1966.htm National Historic Preservation Act of 1966], Public Law 102–575, ''National Register of Historic Places.'' Retrieved May 13, 2019</ref> |
Among the NPS national memorials and affiliated areas, ten celebrate [[U.S. presidents|US presidents]], eleven recognize other historic figures, six commemorate wars, five memorialize disasters, and five represent early exploration. Eleven of the twenty-two non-NPS memorials commemorate wars or veterans, another ten represent groups of people who died for related reasons, and one relates to Native American history. Several major war memorials are located on or near the [[National Mall]], contributing to the [[national identity]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/a-wave-of-war-memorials-is-coming-to-dc-are-we-all-at-peace-with-that/2018/07/30/87980d18-794d-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html|title=A wave of war memorials is coming to D.C. Are we all at peace with that?|last=Montgomery|first=David|date=July 31, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RiQiBwzFCcC&pg=PA56|title=Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America|last=Doss|first=Erika|date=2012-09-07|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15939-3|language=en}}</ref> The historic areas within the National Park System are automatically listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="act">[http://www.cr.nps.gov/local-law/nhpa1966.htm National Historic Preservation Act of 1966], Public Law 102–575, ''National Register of Historic Places.'' Retrieved May 13, 2019</ref> |
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"National Memorial" is omitted below in the names of sites that include it; others may separate the two words or just use "Memorial", and there is also one international memorial included. |
"National Memorial" is omitted below in the names of sites that include it; others may separate the two words or just use "Memorial", and there is also one international memorial included. Private and other organizations may use the name "national memorial" (such as [[George Washington Masonic National Memorial]] and [[National Memorial for Peace and Justice]]) but they are not officially designated by the federal government, and are not listed here, as they are not created pursuant to the statutory scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/54/309101|title=54 U.S. Code § 309101 – Sites and structures that commemorate former Presidents|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref> |
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==National Park Service national memorials== |
==National Park Service national memorials== |
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! scope="row"|[[Arkansas Post]] |
! scope="row"|[[Arkansas Post]] |
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|[[File:Arkansas Post National Memorial 005.jpg|200px|alt=Wooden posts in a semicircle around information boards and a cannon]] |
|[[File:Arkansas Post National Memorial 005.jpg|200px|alt=Wooden posts in a semicircle around information boards and a cannon]] |
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|[[Arkansas]] <br/><small>{{coord|34.02|-91.35|name=Arkansas Post|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Arkansas]] <br /><small>{{coord|34.02|-91.35|name=Arkansas Post|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|July 6, 1960|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|July 6, 1960|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 757.51 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 757.51 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
|[[Henri de Tonti]] established the Arkansas Post in 1686 as the first European trading post in the Mississippi River Valley as part of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]]. It grew into a small settlement and was the site of skirmishes with Native Americans before becoming part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|New Spain]] in 1763 and the US in 1803 with the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. A [[Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)|Civil War battle]] was won by the Union there in 1863. Visitors can tour a reconstructed fort and archaeological remains of Native American, European, and American settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/arpo/|title=Arkansas Post National Memorial|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |
|[[Henri de Tonti]] established the Arkansas Post in 1686 as the first European trading post in the Mississippi River Valley as part of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]]. It grew into a small settlement and was the site of skirmishes with Native Americans before becoming part of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|New Spain]] in 1763 and the US in 1803 with the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. A [[Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)|Civil War battle]] was won by the Union there in 1863. Visitors can tour a reconstructed fort and archaeological remains of Native American, European, and American settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/arpo/|title=Arkansas Post National Memorial|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |
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Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial]] |
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|[[File:Arlington House National Park Service.jpg|200px|alt=Mansion with columns and a flagpole]] |
|[[File:Arlington House National Park Service.jpg|200px|alt=Mansion with columns and a flagpole]] |
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|[[Virginia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.881|-77.073|name=Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Virginia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.881|-77.073|name=Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|June 25, 1955|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|June 25, 1955|nowrap=off}} |
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| {{convert| 28.08 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
| {{convert| 28.08 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Chamizal National Memorial|Chamizal]] |
! scope="row"|[[Chamizal National Memorial|Chamizal]] |
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|[[File:Chamizal visitor center.JPG|200px|alt=Short building with Mexican and American flags flying]] |
|[[File:Chamizal visitor center.JPG|200px|alt=Short building with Mexican and American flags flying]] |
||
|[[Texas]] <br/><small>{{coord|31.77|-106.45|name=Chamizal|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Texas]] <br /><small>{{coord|31.77|-106.45|name=Chamizal|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|February 4, 1974|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|February 4, 1974|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 54.90 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 54.90 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Coronado National Memorial|Coronado]] |
! scope="row"|[[Coronado National Memorial|Coronado]] |
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|[[File:Montezuma Pass Overlook, elevation 2100 meters - panoramio.jpg|200px|alt=Desert valley with rolling hills and sparse trees]] |
|[[File:Montezuma Pass Overlook, elevation 2100 meters - panoramio.jpg|200px|alt=Desert valley with rolling hills and sparse trees]] |
||
|[[Arizona]] <br/><small>{{coord|31.34|-110.25|name=Coronado|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Arizona]] <br /><small>{{coord|31.34|-110.25|name=Coronado|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|November 5, 1952|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 5, 1952|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 4,830.22 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 4,830.22 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
! scope="row"|[[De Soto National Memorial|De Soto]] |
! scope="row"|[[De Soto National Memorial|De Soto]] |
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|[[File:Bradenton FL DeSoto Natl Mem01.jpg|200px|alt=Wooden gateway open to the ocean]] |
|[[File:Bradenton FL DeSoto Natl Mem01.jpg|200px|alt=Wooden gateway open to the ocean]] |
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|[[Florida]] <br/><small>{{coord|27.52|-82.64|name=De Soto|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Florida]] <br /><small>{{coord|27.52|-82.64|name=De Soto|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|March 11, 1948|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|March 11, 1948|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 30 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 30 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 65: | Line 65: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Federal Hall]] |
! scope="row"|[[Federal Hall]] |
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|[[File:Federal Hall front.jpg|200px|alt=Neoclassical building with doric columns and a statue of George Washington]] |
|[[File:Federal Hall front.jpg|200px|alt=Neoclassical building with doric columns and a statue of George Washington]] |
||
|[[New York (state)|New York]] <br/><small>{{coord|40.707|-74.010|name=Federal Hall|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[New York (state)|New York]] <br /><small>{{coord|40.707|-74.010|name=Federal Hall|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|August 11, 1955|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|August 11, 1955|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 0.45 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 0.45 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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! scope="row"|[[Flight 93 National Memorial|Flight 93]] |
! scope="row"|[[Flight 93 National Memorial|Flight 93]] |
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|[[File:Pennsylvania - Flight 93 National Memorial - 20151007144902.jpg|200px|alt=White granite wall with engraved names]] |
|[[File:Pennsylvania - Flight 93 National Memorial - 20151007144902.jpg|200px|alt=White granite wall with engraved names]] |
||
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br/><small>{{coord|40.055|-78.901|name=Flight 93|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br /><small>{{coord|40.055|-78.901|name=Flight 93|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|September 10, 2011|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|September 10, 2011|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 2319.96 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 2319.96 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Fort Caroline]] |
! scope="row"|[[Fort Caroline]] |
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|[[File:Fort Caroline moat FOCA1566.jpg|200px|alt=Corner of an earthen fort surrounded by a moat]] |
|[[File:Fort Caroline moat FOCA1566.jpg|200px|alt=Corner of an earthen fort surrounded by a moat]] |
||
|[[Florida]] <br/><small>{{coord|30.386|-81.498|name=Fort Caroline|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Florida]] <br /><small>{{coord|30.386|-81.498|name=Fort Caroline|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|January 16, 1953|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|January 16, 1953|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 138.39 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 138.39 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 86: | Line 86: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Franklin Roosevelt Memorial waterfall.jpg|200px|alt=Waterfalls flowing over stone blocks into a pool]] |
|[[File:Franklin Roosevelt Memorial waterfall.jpg|200px|alt=Waterfalls flowing over stone blocks into a pool]] |
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|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.883|-77.043|name=Franklin Delano Roosevelt|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.883|-77.043|name=Franklin Delano Roosevelt|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|May 2, 1997|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|May 2, 1997|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 8.14 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 8.14 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Grant's Tomb|General Grant]] |
! scope="row"|[[Grant's Tomb|General Grant]] |
||
|[[File:Grant's Tomb MAM 2010 (2).JPG|200px|alt=Neoclassical building with Doric columns and a rotunda]] |
|[[File:Grant's Tomb MAM 2010 (2).JPG|200px|alt=Neoclassical building with Doric columns and a rotunda]] |
||
|[[New York (state)|New York]] <br/><small>{{coord|40.813|-73.963|name=General Grant|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[New York (state)|New York]] <br /><small>{{coord|40.813|-73.963|name=General Grant|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|May 1, 1959|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|May 1, 1959|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert|0.76|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
|{{convert|0.76|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
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Line 100: | Line 100: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Hamilton Grange National Memorial|Hamilton Grange]] |
! scope="row"|[[Hamilton Grange National Memorial|Hamilton Grange]] |
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|[[File:Hamilton Grange late 2010 morn jeh.jpg|200px|alt=Yellow house with a staircase to the front door and veranda on the side]] |
|[[File:Hamilton Grange late 2010 morn jeh.jpg|200px|alt=Yellow house with a staircase to the front door and veranda on the side]] |
||
|[[New York (state)|New York]] <br/><small>{{coord|40.821|-73.947|name=Hamilton Grange|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[New York (state)|New York]] <br /><small>{{coord|40.821|-73.947|name=Hamilton Grange|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|November 19, 1988|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 19, 1988|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 1.04 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 1.04 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 106: | Line 106: | ||
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|[[Johnstown Flood National Memorial|Johnstown Flood]] |
! scope="row"|[[Johnstown Flood National Memorial|Johnstown Flood]] |
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|[[File: |
|[[File: What remains of the South Fork Dam (11717678065).jpg |200px|alt=Black and white photo of a row of buildings with broken wood in front]] |
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|[[Pennsylvania]] <br/><small>{{coord|40.350|-78.771|name=Johnstown Flood|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br /><small>{{coord|40.350|-78.771|name=Johnstown Flood|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|August 31, 1964|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|August 31, 1964|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 177.76 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 177.76 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 114: | Line 114: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Korean War Veterans Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Korean War Veterans Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Aerial view of Korean War Veterans Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Aerial view of the triangular memorial surrounded by trees]] |
|[[File:Aerial view of Korean War Veterans Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Aerial view of the triangular memorial surrounded by trees]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.888|-77.048|name=Korean War Veterans|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.888|-77.048|name=Korean War Veterans|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|July 27, 1995|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|July 27, 1995|nowrap=off}} |
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|{{convert| 1.56 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 1.56 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 121: | Line 121: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial|Lincoln Boyhood]] |
! scope="row"|[[Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial|Lincoln Boyhood]] |
||
|[[File:Log Cabin at the Lincoln Living Historical Farm.jpg|200px|alt=Log cabin in the woods]] |
|[[File:Log Cabin at the Lincoln Living Historical Farm.jpg|200px|alt=Log cabin in the woods]] |
||
|[[Indiana]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.113|-86.996|name=Lincoln Boyhood|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Indiana]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.113|-86.996|name=Lincoln Boyhood|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|February 19, 1962|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|February 19, 1962|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 199.65 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 199.65 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 128: | Line 128: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Lincoln Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Lincoln Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg|200px|alt=Aerial view of white memorial encircled by columns]] |
|[[File:Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg|200px|alt=Aerial view of white memorial encircled by columns]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.889|-77.050|name=Lincoln Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.889|-77.050|name=Lincoln Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|May 30, 1922|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|May 30, 1922|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 7.29 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 7.29 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
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Line 135: | Line 135: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac]] |
! scope="row"|[[Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac]] |
||
|[[File:LBJ Memorial Grove Monolith.JPG|200px|alt=Triangular sandstone rock with Washington Monument in the background]] |
|[[File:LBJ Memorial Grove Monolith.JPG|200px|alt=Triangular sandstone rock with Washington Monument in the background]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.877|-77.050|name=Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.877|-77.050|name=Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|September 27, 1974|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|September 27, 1974|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert|17.00|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
|{{convert|17.00|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
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Line 141: | Line 141: | ||
|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|[[Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:MLK and cherry blossoms 0001 - Washington DC - 2014-04-10 (13772466365).jpg|200px|alt=White granite statue of Martin Luther King Jr.]] |
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|[[File:MLKMemorial.jpg|200x200px]] |
|||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.886|-77.044|name=Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.886|-77.044|name=Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|August 28, 2011|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|August 28, 2011|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 2.74 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 2.74 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 149: | Line 149: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Mount Rushmore]] |
! scope="row"|[[Mount Rushmore]] |
||
|[[File:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg|200px|alt=Heads of four presidents carved into the mountain with blue sky]] |
|[[File:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg|200px|alt=Heads of four presidents carved into the mountain with blue sky]] |
||
|[[South Dakota]] <br/><small>{{coord|43.879|-103.459|name=Mount Rushmore|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[South Dakota]] <br /><small>{{coord|43.879|-103.459|name=Mount Rushmore|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|July 1, 1939|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|July 1, 1939|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 1278.45 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 1278.45 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Pearl Harbor National Memorial|Pearl Harbor]] |
! scope="row"|[[Pearl Harbor National Memorial|Pearl Harbor]] |
||
|[[File:USS Arizona Memorial.JPG|200px|alt=White Arizona memorial with downward sloped top and American flag]] |
|[[File:USS Arizona Memorial.JPG|200px|alt=White Arizona memorial with downward sloped top and American flag]] |
||
|[[Hawaii]] <br/><small>{{coord|21.36|-157.95|name=Pearl Harbor|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Hawaii]] <br /><small>{{coord|21.36|-157.95|name=Pearl Harbor|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|2019|3|12|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|2019|3|12|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert|21.30|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
|{{convert|21.30|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
||
Line 163: | Line 163: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial .JPG|200px|alt=Doric column-shaped tower with trees at its base]] |
|[[File:Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial .JPG|200px|alt=Doric column-shaped tower with trees at its base]] |
||
|[[Ohio]] <br/><small>{{coord|41.654|-82.811|name=Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Ohio]] <br /><small>{{coord|41.654|-82.811|name=Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|October 26, 1972|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|October 26, 1972|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 25.38 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 25.38 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 170: | Line 170: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial|Port Chicago Naval Magazine]] |
! scope="row"|[[Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial|Port Chicago Naval Magazine]] |
||
|[[File:PORT CHICAGO NATIONAL MEMORIAL.jpg|200px|alt=Reconstructed sloped fortification with a rail car inside]] |
|[[File:PORT CHICAGO NATIONAL MEMORIAL.jpg|200px|alt=Reconstructed sloped fortification with a rail car inside]] |
||
|[[California]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.056|-122.030|name=Port Chicago Naval Magazine|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[California]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.056|-122.030|name=Port Chicago Naval Magazine|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|October 28, 1992|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|October 28, 1992|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 5.00 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 5.00 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 177: | Line 177: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Roger Williams National Memorial|Roger Williams]] |
! scope="row"|[[Roger Williams National Memorial|Roger Williams]] |
||
|[[File:Roger-williams-national-memorial-1.jpg|200px|alt=Tombstone in a grassy lawn]] |
|[[File:Roger-williams-national-memorial-1.jpg|200px|alt=Tombstone in a grassy lawn]] |
||
|[[Rhode Island]] <br/><small>{{coord|41.831|-71.411|name=Roger Williams|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Rhode Island]] <br /><small>{{coord|41.831|-71.411|name=Roger Williams|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|October 22, 1965|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|October 22, 1965|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 4.56 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 4.56 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 184: | Line 184: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial|Thaddeus Kosciuszko]] |
! scope="row"|[[Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial|Thaddeus Kosciuszko]] |
||
|[[File:Thaddeus Koscuiszko National Memorial 301 Pine Street.jpg|200px|alt=Red brick house with many windows at the corner of a block]] |
|[[File:Thaddeus Koscuiszko National Memorial 301 Pine Street.jpg|200px|alt=Red brick house with many windows at the corner of a block]] |
||
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br/><small>{{coord|39.943|-75.147|name=Thaddeus Kosciuszko|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br /><small>{{coord|39.943|-75.147|name=Thaddeus Kosciuszko|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|October 21, 1972|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|October 21, 1972|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert|0.02|acre|hectare|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
|{{convert|0.02|acre|hectare|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
||
Line 191: | Line 191: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Theodore Roosevelt Island]] |
! scope="row"|[[Theodore Roosevelt Island]] |
||
|[[File:Theodore Roosevelt Statue by Paul Manship.jpg|200px|alt=Statue of Roosevelt holding an arm up during an oration]] |
|[[File:Theodore Roosevelt Statue by Paul Manship.jpg|200px|alt=Statue of Roosevelt holding an arm up during an oration]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.897|-77.064|name=Theodore Roosevelt Island|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.897|-77.064|name=Theodore Roosevelt Island|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|October 27, 1967|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|October 27, 1967|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert|88.50|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
|{{convert|88.50|acre|km2|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
||
Line 198: | Line 198: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Jefferson Memorial|Thomas Jefferson Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Jefferson Memorial|Thomas Jefferson Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Jefferson Memorial Factbook.jpg|200px|alt=Round white memorial with columns and dome in front of the water]] |
|[[File:Jefferson Memorial Factbook.jpg|200px|alt=Round white memorial with columns and dome in front of the water]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.881|-77.037|name=Thomas Jefferson Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.881|-77.037|name=Thomas Jefferson Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|April 13, 1943|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|April 13, 1943|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 18.36 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 18.36 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 205: | Line 205: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Vietnam memorial 02.JPG|200px|alt=Wall of black granite engraved with names]] |
|[[File:Vietnam memorial 02.JPG|200px|alt=Wall of black granite engraved with names]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.891|-77.048|name=Vietnam Veterans Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.891|-77.048|name=Vietnam Veterans Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|November 13, 1982|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 13, 1982|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 2.18 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 2.18 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 212: | Line 212: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Washington Monument]] |
! scope="row"|[[Washington Monument]] |
||
|[[File:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|200px|alt=Aerial view of the obelisk with the White House in the background]] |
|[[File:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|200px|alt=Aerial view of the obelisk with the White House in the background]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.889|-77.035|name=Washington Monument|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.889|-77.035|name=Washington Monument|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|February 21, 1885|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|February 21, 1885|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 106.01 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 106.01 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 219: | Line 219: | ||
! scope="row"|[[National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)|World War I Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)|World War I Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Pershing Park Washington DC.JPG|200px|alt=Pond with ducks and waterfall]] |
|[[File:Pershing Park Washington DC.JPG|200px|alt=Pond with ducks and waterfall]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.896|-77.033|name=World War I Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.896|-77.033|name=World War I Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|December 19, 2014|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|December 19, 2014|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 1.76 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 1.76 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 226: | Line 226: | ||
! scope="row"|[[World War II Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[World War II Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:Aerial view of National World War II Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Aerial view of oval-shaped memorial with pond and white walkways]] |
|[[File:Aerial view of National World War II Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Aerial view of oval-shaped memorial with pond and white walkways]] |
||
|[[District of Columbia]] <br/><small>{{coord|38.889|-77.040|name=World War II Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[District of Columbia]] <br /><small>{{coord|38.889|-77.040|name=World War II Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|May 29, 2004|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|May 29, 2004|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 8.25 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 8.25 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 233: | Line 233: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Wright Brothers National Memorial|Wright Brothers]] |
! scope="row"|[[Wright Brothers National Memorial|Wright Brothers]] |
||
|[[File:WBNM03.JPG|200px|alt=Wing-shaped monument on a summy day]] |
|[[File:WBNM03.JPG|200px|alt=Wing-shaped monument on a summy day]] |
||
|[[North Carolina]] <br/><small>{{coord|36.014|-75.668|name=Wright Brothers|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[North Carolina]] <br /><small>{{coord|36.014|-75.668|name=Wright Brothers|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|December 4, 1953|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|December 4, 1953|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert| 428.44 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
|{{convert| 428.44 |acre|km2|sortable=on}} |
||
Line 251: | Line 251: | ||
! scope="row"|[[American Memorial Park]] |
! scope="row"|[[American Memorial Park]] |
||
|[[File:American Memorial Park2.JPG|200px|alt=Grassy field leading up to a terraced site with five flags]] |
|[[File:American Memorial Park2.JPG|200px|alt=Grassy field leading up to a terraced site with five flags]] |
||
|[[Northern Mariana Islands]] <br/><small>{{coord|15.216|145.722|name=American Memorial Park|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Northern Mariana Islands]] <br /><small>{{coord|15.216|145.722|name=American Memorial Park|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|August 18, 1978|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|August 18, 1978|nowrap=off}} |
||
| {{convert|133.00|acre|km2|1|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
| {{convert|133.00|acre|km2|1|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
||
Line 258: | Line 258: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Benjamin Franklin National Memorial|Benjamin Franklin]] |
! scope="row"|[[Benjamin Franklin National Memorial|Benjamin Franklin]] |
||
|[[File:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Seated statue of Benjamin Franklin in white marble]] |
|[[File:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Seated statue of Benjamin Franklin in white marble]] |
||
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br/><small>{{coord|39.958|-75.173|name=Benjamin Franklin National Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Pennsylvania]] <br /><small>{{coord|39.958|-75.173|name=Benjamin Franklin National Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|October 25, 1972|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|October 25, 1972|nowrap=off}} |
||
|{{convert|0.154|acre|hectare|1|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
|{{convert|0.154|acre|hectare|1|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
||
Line 265: | Line 265: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Father Marquette National Memorial|Father Marquette]] |
! scope="row"|[[Father Marquette National Memorial|Father Marquette]] |
||
|[[File:Father Marquette National Memorial Building Aug 2011.jpg|200px|alt=Small round open structure with spire at center]] |
|[[File:Father Marquette National Memorial Building Aug 2011.jpg|200px|alt=Small round open structure with spire at center]] |
||
|[[Michigan]] <br/><small>{{coord|45.853|-84.726|name=Father Marquette|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Michigan]] <br /><small>{{coord|45.853|-84.726|name=Father Marquette|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|December 20, 1975|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|December 20, 1975|nowrap=off}} |
||
| {{convert|52.00|acre|km2|1|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
| {{convert|52.00|acre|km2|1|sortable=on|abbr=}} |
||
Line 272: | Line 272: | ||
! scope="row"|[[Oklahoma City National Memorial|Oklahoma City]] |
! scope="row"|[[Oklahoma City National Memorial|Oklahoma City]] |
||
|[[File:St. Joseph's Old Cathedral from the Oklahoma City National Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Long reflecting pond lined with trees and walkways]] |
|[[File:St. Joseph's Old Cathedral from the Oklahoma City National Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Long reflecting pond lined with trees and walkways]] |
||
|[[Oklahoma]] <br/><small>{{coord|35.473|-97.517|name=Oklahoma City|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Oklahoma]] <br /><small>{{coord|35.473|-97.517|name=Oklahoma City|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|April 19, 2000|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|April 19, 2000|nowrap=off}} |
||
| {{convert|6.24|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} |
| {{convert|6.24|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} |
||
|Anti-government terrorists detonated a truck bomb that destroyed the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]], killing 168 people, injuring another 680, and damaging hundreds of buildings. The memorial features a reflecting pool flanked by square bronze gates that represent the moments before and after the event at 9:01 am on April 19, 1995. A field of empty chairs and what is left of the building's walls symbolize the victims and survivors, mostly federal employees and children at a day care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/okci/|title=Oklahoma City National Memorial|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oklahomacitynationalmemorial.org/|title=The Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum|publisher=Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |
|Anti-government terrorists detonated a truck bomb that destroyed the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]], killing 168 people, injuring another 680, and damaging hundreds of buildings. The memorial features a reflecting pool flanked by square bronze gates that represent the moments before and after the event at 9:01 am on April 19, 1995. A field of empty chairs and what is left of the building's walls symbolize the victims and survivors, mostly federal employees and children at a day care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/okci/|title=Oklahoma City National Memorial|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oklahomacitynationalmemorial.org/|title=The Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum|publisher=Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|[[Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial|Red Hill Patrick Henry]] |
! scope="row"|[[Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial|Red Hill Patrick Henry]] |
||
|[[File:Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial - law office.jpg|200px|alt=Small cottage with white walls, black door, and brick chimney]] |
|[[File:Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial - law office.jpg|200px|alt=Small cottage with white walls, black door, and brick chimney]] |
||
|[[Virginia]] <br/><small>{{coord|37.032|-78.898|name=Red Hill Patrick Henry|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[Virginia]] <br /><small>{{coord|37.032|-78.898|name=Red Hill Patrick Henry|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|May 12, 1986|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|May 12, 1986|nowrap=off}} |
||
| {{convert| |
| {{convert|1000|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} |
||
|[[Patrick Henry]] was the first governor of Virginia and was known for his oration for the cause of independence from Britain, including his "[[Give me liberty, or give me death!]]" speech. He lived at his Red Hill estate the last five years of his life, which now has the original law office and reconstructed home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhill.org/|title=Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial|publisher=Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |
|[[Patrick Henry]] was the first governor of Virginia and was known for his oration for the cause of independence from Britain, including his "[[Give me liberty, or give me death!]]" speech. He lived at his Red Hill estate the last five years of his life, which now has the original law office and reconstructed home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhill.org/|title=Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial|publisher=Patrick Henry Memorial Foundation|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 311: | Line 311: | ||
|[[File:Starr 080531-8931 Pandanus tectorius.jpg|200px|alt=Memorial signs with nesting albatrosses and a statue of a large albatross]] |
|[[File:Starr 080531-8931 Pandanus tectorius.jpg|200px|alt=Memorial signs with nesting albatrosses and a statue of a large albatross]] |
||
|[[Midway Atoll]] |
|[[Midway Atoll]] |
||
<small>{{coord|28. |
<small>{{coord|28.20|-177.35|name=Battle of Midway|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|September 13, 2000|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|September 13, 2000|nowrap=off}} |
||
|The [[Battle of Midway]] in June 1942 was the turning point of the [[Pacific War]] that put the US Navy on the offensive. The victory cost the lives of 307 sailors, a destroyer, and an aircraft carrier, but secured the vital base on the island and weakened the Japanese position. The [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|Fish and Wildlife Service]] maintains a memorial park at the dual-named Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial, a breeding ground for [[albatross]], [[Hawaiian monk seal]]s, and other marine life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/nwrs/threecolumn.aspx?id=2147560557|title=Battle of Midway National Memorial|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> |
|The [[Battle of Midway]] in June 1942 was the turning point of the [[Pacific War]] that put the US Navy on the offensive. The victory cost the lives of 307 sailors, a destroyer, and an aircraft carrier, but secured the vital base on the island and weakened the Japanese position. The [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|Fish and Wildlife Service]] maintains a memorial park at the dual-named Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial, a breeding ground for [[albatross]], [[Hawaiian monk seal]]s, and other marine life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/nwrs/threecolumn.aspx?id=2147560557|title=Battle of Midway National Memorial|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|access-date=March 26, 2019}}</ref> |
||
Line 341: | Line 341: | ||
<small>{{coord|36.441|-105.295|name=Disabled American Veterans Vietnam Veterans|type:landmark}}</small> |
<small>{{coord|36.441|-105.295|name=Disabled American Veterans Vietnam Veterans|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|November 13, 1987|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 13, 1987|nowrap=off}} |
||
|The parents of a soldier killed in Vietnam built a sail-shaped chapel with the assistance of [[Disabled American Veterans]] to honor all [[Vietnam veteran|veterans of the war]]. The site, a New Mexico Department of Veteran Services memorial, also has a helicopter damaged in Vietnam and sculptures of a soldier and nurses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vietnamveteransmemorial.org/|title=Vietnam Veterans Memorial|publisher=David Westphall Veterans Foundation|access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Angel Fire Memorial|url=http://www.nmdvs.org/nm-memorials/ |
|The parents of a soldier killed in Vietnam built a sail-shaped chapel with the assistance of [[Disabled American Veterans]] to honor all [[Vietnam veteran|veterans of the war]]. The site, a New Mexico Department of Veteran Services memorial, also has a helicopter damaged in Vietnam and sculptures of a soldier and nurses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vietnamveteransmemorial.org/|title=Vietnam Veterans Memorial|publisher=David Westphall Veterans Foundation|access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Angel Fire Memorial|url=http://www.nmdvs.org/nm-memorials/|access-date=2021-04-15|publisher=NM Department of Veterans Services|language=en-US}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|[[March Field Air Museum|Distinguished Flying Cross]] |
! scope="row"|[[March Field Air Museum|Distinguished Flying Cross]] |
||
Line 353: | Line 353: | ||
|[[File:Fallen Educators Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Small memorial of black granite with a one-room schoolhouse in background]] |
|[[File:Fallen Educators Memorial.jpg|200px|alt=Small memorial of black granite with a one-room schoolhouse in background]] |
||
|[[Kansas]] |
|[[Kansas]] |
||
<small>{{coord|38. |
<small>{{coord|38.420|-96.181|name=National Memorial to Fallen Educators|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|April 30, 2018|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|April 30, 2018|nowrap=off}} |
||
|Located at the National Teachers Hall of Fame, this monument honors educators who |
|Located at the National Teachers Hall of Fame, this monument honors educators who died in the course of their roles, including victims of [[school shooting]]s and [[school bus]] crashes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nthfmemorial.org/|title=National Memorial to Fallen Educators|publisher=National Memorial to Fallen Educators|access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row" |[[National Fallen Firefighters Memorial]] |
! scope="row" |[[National Fallen Firefighters Memorial]] |
||
|[[File:FEMA - 13056 - Photograph by Bill Koplitz taken on 06-01-2005 in Maryland.jpg|alt=Circular plaza with sculpture of a cross in the center and plaques on the outside|200x200px]] |
|[[File:FEMA - 13056 - Photograph by Bill Koplitz taken on 06-01-2005 in Maryland.jpg|alt=Circular plaza with sculpture of a cross in the center and plaques on the outside|200x200px]] |
||
|[[Maryland]] |
|[[Maryland]] |
||
<small>{{coord|39.395|-77. |
<small>{{coord|39.395|-77.326|name=National Fallen Firefighters Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|August 9, 1990|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|August 9, 1990|nowrap=off}} |
||
|On the campus of the [[National Fire Academy]], a sculpted [[Saint Florian|St. Florian cross]] and [[eternal flame]] are surrounded by a Wall of Honor with the names of [[firefighter]]s who died in the line of duty. It is maintained by the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Fallen Firefighters Memorial|url=https://www.firehero.org/fallen-firefighters/memorial-park/national-fallen-firefighters-memorial/|access-date=April 12, 2019|publisher=National Fallen Firefighters Foundation}}</ref> |
|On the campus of the [[National Fire Academy]], a sculpted [[Saint Florian|St. Florian cross]] and [[eternal flame]] are surrounded by a Wall of Honor with the names of [[firefighter]]s who died in the line of duty. It is maintained by the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Fallen Firefighters Memorial|url=https://www.firehero.org/fallen-firefighters/memorial-park/national-fallen-firefighters-memorial/|access-date=April 12, 2019|publisher=National Fallen Firefighters Foundation}}</ref> |
||
Line 367: | Line 367: | ||
|[[File:Japanese-American Memorial (37622538).jpg|200px|alt=Statue of a crane in front of a wall with names of internment camps]] |
|[[File:Japanese-American Memorial (37622538).jpg|200px|alt=Statue of a crane in front of a wall with names of internment camps]] |
||
|[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] |
|[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] |
||
<small>{{coord|38.895|-77. |
<small>{{coord|38.895|-77.010|name=Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|November 9, 2000|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 9, 2000|nowrap=off}} |
||
|The US government baselessly challenged the loyalty of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II, [[Internment of Japanese Americans|detaining them in a number of internment camps]] around the country. Despite that, 33,000 Japanese Americans served their country in the armed forces. This monument depicting [[Crane (bird)|cranes]] escaping barbed wire symbolizes their sacrifices during this injustice. It is part of the [[National Mall and Memorial Parks]] NPS unit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/wwii/learn/historyculture/japanese-americans-at-war.htm|title=Japanese Americans At War – World War II Memorial|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/japanese-american-memorial-to-patriotism-during-world-war-ii.htm|title=Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref> |
|The US government baselessly challenged the loyalty of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II, [[Internment of Japanese Americans|detaining them in a number of internment camps]] around the country. Despite that, 33,000 Japanese Americans served their country in the armed forces. This monument depicting [[Crane (bird)|cranes]] escaping barbed wire symbolizes their sacrifices during this injustice. It is part of the [[National Mall and Memorial Parks]] NPS unit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/wwii/learn/historyculture/japanese-americans-at-war.htm|title=Japanese Americans At War – World War II Memorial|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/japanese-american-memorial-to-patriotism-during-world-war-ii.htm|title=Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Mt. Soledad Veterans Memorial - panoramio.jpg|alt=White cross on top of a hill and American flag|200px]] |
|[[File:Mt. Soledad Veterans Memorial - panoramio.jpg|alt=White cross on top of a hill and American flag|200px]] |
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|[[California]] |
|[[California]] |
||
<small>{{coord|32. |
<small>{{coord|32.840|-117.245|name=Mt. Soledad National Veterans Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|December 8, 2004|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|December 8, 2004|nowrap=off}} |
||
|A wooden cross was originally placed on [[Mount Soledad]] in [[San Diego]] by local residents in 1913. The current {{Cvt|29|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}}-tall concrete cross was built in 1954 by Christian groups and was designated a memorial to veterans in 1989. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] took the site from the city by [[eminent domain]] in 2006 until it was sold to a private association in 2015 following a three-decade-long [[Establishment Clause]] legal battle. Six walls are covered in plaques commemorating veterans and military units.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soledadmemorial.com/about/|title=Mt. Soledad National Veterans Memorial|publisher=Mt. Soledad Memorial Association|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2011/01/04/08-56415.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112041901/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2011/01/04/08-56415.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2011|title=''Jewish War Veterans v. City of San Diego''|date=January 4, 2011|publisher=[[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> |
|A wooden cross was originally placed on [[Mount Soledad]] in [[San Diego]] by local residents in 1913. The current {{Cvt|29|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}}-tall concrete cross was built in 1954 by Christian groups and was designated a memorial to veterans in 1989. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] took the site from the city by [[eminent domain]] in 2006 until it was sold to a private association in 2015 following a three-decade-long [[Establishment Clause]] legal battle. Six walls are covered in plaques commemorating veterans and military units.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soledadmemorial.com/about/|title=Mt. Soledad National Veterans Memorial|publisher=Mt. Soledad Memorial Association|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2011/01/04/08-56415.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112041901/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2011/01/04/08-56415.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2011|title=''Jewish War Veterans v. City of San Diego''|date=January 4, 2011|publisher=[[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> |
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! scope="row"|[[Pulse Memorial and Museum|National Pulse Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[Pulse Memorial and Museum|National Pulse Memorial]] |
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|[[File:Pulse Nightclub, March 2017.jpg|alt=|200px]] |
|[[File:Pulse Nightclub, March 2017.jpg|alt=|200px]] |
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|[[Florida]]<br /><small>{{coord|28. |
|[[Florida]]<br /><small>{{coord|28.520|-81.377|name=National Pulse Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|June 25, 2021|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|June 25, 2021|nowrap=off}} |
||
| [[Pulse nightclub|Pulse]], a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was the scene of [[Orlando nightclub shooting|a mass shooting]] that killed 49 people on June 12, 2016. There are plans for a memorial with a reflecting pool around the building and a museum a few blocks away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/us/pulse-nightclub-shooting-memorial.html|title=Congress backs national memorial designation for former Pulse nightclub site|website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 19, 2021}}</ref> |
| [[Pulse nightclub|Pulse]], a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was the scene of [[Orlando nightclub shooting|a mass shooting]] that killed 49 people on June 12, 2016. There are plans for a memorial with a reflecting pool around the building and a museum a few blocks away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/us/pulse-nightclub-shooting-memorial.html|title=Congress backs national memorial designation for former Pulse nightclub site|website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 19, 2021}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Riverside National Cemetery POW MIA Memorial 20091023.jpg|200px|alt=Statue of soldier bound on his knees surrounded by granite panels]] |
|[[File:Riverside National Cemetery POW MIA Memorial 20091023.jpg|200px|alt=Statue of soldier bound on his knees surrounded by granite panels]] |
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|[[California]] |
|[[California]] |
||
<small>{{coord|33. |
<small>{{coord|33.887|-117.278|name=Prisoner of War/Missing in Action|type:landmark}}</small> |
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|{{dts|December 10, 2004|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|December 10, 2004|nowrap=off}} |
||
|This memorial at [[Riverside National Cemetery]] ([[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|US Department of Veterans Affairs]]) depicts a man on his knees and bound by his captors, surrounded by pillars of black marble. It commemorates American servicemembers who have been taken [[Prisoner of War|prisoner of war]] or went [[Missing in Action|missing in action]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/riverside.asp|title=Riverside National Cemetery – National Cemetery Administration|publisher=US Department of Veterans Affairs|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> |
|This memorial at [[Riverside National Cemetery]] ([[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|US Department of Veterans Affairs]]) depicts a man on his knees and bound by his captors, surrounded by pillars of black marble. It commemorates American servicemembers who have been taken [[Prisoner of War|prisoner of war]] or went [[Missing in Action|missing in action]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/riverside.asp|title=Riverside National Cemetery – National Cemetery Administration|publisher=US Department of Veterans Affairs|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> |
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|[[File:The Mojave Cross..JPG|200px|alt=Rocky outcropping with a cross on top, tree and sign in foreground]] |
|[[File:The Mojave Cross..JPG|200px|alt=Rocky outcropping with a cross on top, tree and sign in foreground]] |
||
|[[California]] |
|[[California]] |
||
<small>{{coord|35. |
<small>{{coord|35.315|-115.550|name=White Cross World War I Memorial|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|January 10, 2002|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|January 10, 2002|nowrap=off}} |
||
|A white cross was originally erected by [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] (VFW) in the [[Mojave Desert]] in 1934 as a memorial to American participation in [[World War I]] and those who served. Previously in [[Mojave National Preserve]], the land around the cross was conveyed to the VFW due to [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of church and state]] concerns, the constitutionality of which transfer [[Salazar v. Buono|was upheld]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/moja/learn/news/mojave-cross.htm|title=White Cross World War I Memorial – Mojave National Preserve|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref> |
|A white cross was originally erected by [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] (VFW) in the [[Mojave Desert]] in 1934 as a memorial to American participation in [[World War I]] and those who served. Previously in [[Mojave National Preserve]], the land around the cross was conveyed to the VFW due to [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of church and state]] concerns, the constitutionality of which transfer [[Salazar v. Buono|was upheld]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/moja/learn/news/mojave-cross.htm|title=White Cross World War I Memorial – Mojave National Preserve|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref> |
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|{{dts|November 5, 2001|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 5, 2001|nowrap=off}} |
||
|Will honor presidents [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]], their wives [[Abigail Adams]] and [[Louisa Adams]], and other members of the [[Adams political family]]. Neither a location nor design has been selected but a new planning commission was authorized in 2019. It will expire in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/house-backs-plan-john-adams-memorial|title=House Backs Plan for John Adams Memorial|last=Tully-McManus|first=Katherine|date=July 23, 2018|work=Roll Call|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref> |
|Will honor presidents [[John Adams]] and [[John Quincy Adams]], their wives [[Abigail Adams]] and [[Louisa Adams]], and other members of the [[Adams political family]]. Neither a location nor design has been selected but a new planning commission was authorized in 2019. It will expire in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/house-backs-plan-john-adams-memorial|title=House Backs Plan for John Adams Memorial|last=Tully-McManus|first=Katherine|date=July 23, 2018|work=Roll Call|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! scope="row"|Hershel Woody Williams National Medal of Honor Monument |
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|[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] |
|||
|December 27, 2021 |
|||
|Will honor recipients of the [[Medal of Honor]]. Named after [[Hershel W. Williams]]. There is a 2028 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Monument |url=https://mohmuseum.org/the-monument/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=National Medal of Honor Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
||
! scope="row"|National Emergency Medical Services Memorial |
! scope="row"|National Emergency Medical Services Memorial |
||
|[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] |
|[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] |
||
|{{dts|November 3, 2018|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|November 3, 2018|nowrap=off}} |
||
|Will honor the services of [[emergency medical services]] personnel. There is a 2025 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|url= |
|Will honor the services of [[emergency medical services]] personnel. There is a 2025 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emsmemorial.org/|title=EMS Memorial|language=en-US|access-date=2024-04-03}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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! scope="row"|[[National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial]] |
! scope="row"|[[National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial]] |
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|[[California]]<br /><small>{{coord|34.55|-118.51|name=Saint Francis Dam Disaster|type:landmark}}</small> |
|[[California]]<br /><small>{{coord|34.55|-118.51|name=Saint Francis Dam Disaster|type:landmark}}</small> |
||
|{{dts|March 12, 2019|nowrap=off}} |
|{{dts|March 12, 2019|nowrap=off}} |
||
|The [[St. Francis Dam]] was a 700 ft (210 m)-wide dam that supported a reservoir for Los Angeles's water supply. It catastrophically failed in 1928 and the flood killed at least 431 people. A memorial will be built within [[Angeles National Forest]] by the [[US Forest Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/2019/03/15/trump-signature-memorial-st-francis-dam/3161581002/|title=Trump's signature means St. Francis Dam memorial is coming|last=Kisken|first=Tom|date=March 16, 2019|publisher=[[Ventura County Star]]|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> |
|The [[St. Francis Dam]] was a 700 ft (210 m)-wide dam that supported a reservoir for Los Angeles's water supply. It catastrophically failed in 1928 and the flood killed at least 431 people. A memorial will be built within [[Angeles National Forest]] by the [[US Forest Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/2019/03/15/trump-signature-memorial-st-francis-dam/3161581002/|title=Trump's signature means St. Francis Dam memorial is coming|last=Kisken|first=Tom|date=March 16, 2019|publisher=[[Ventura County Star]]|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
! scope="row"|[[Women's Suffrage National Monument]] |
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|[[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] |
|||
|December 17, 2020 |
|||
|Will honor [[Suffrage|suffragists]] who organized and demonstrated for the [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's right to vote in the United States]]. There is a 2027 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Suffrage National Monument Foundation |url=https://www.womensmonument.org/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Women's Suffrage National Monument Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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|} |
|} |
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Line 484: | Line 494: | ||
{{Wikivoyage|National historic areas in the United States}} |
{{Wikivoyage|National historic areas in the United States}} |
||
* [[List of areas in the United States National Park System]] |
* [[List of areas in the United States National Park System]] |
||
* [[List of national monuments of the United States]] |
|||
* [[Presidential memorials in the United States]] |
* [[Presidential memorials in the United States]] |
||
* [[National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission]] |
* [[National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission]] |
Latest revision as of 16:09, 30 April 2024
![Green 3-cent postage stamp showing people looking at Mount Rushmore](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mount_Rushmore_Monument_Stamp.jpg/220px-Mount_Rushmore_Monument_Stamp.jpg)
National memorial is a designation in the United States for an officially recognized area that memorializes a historic person or event.[1] As of September 2020[update] the National Park Service (NPS), an agency of the Department of the Interior, owns and administers thirty-one memorials as official units and provides assistance for five more, known as affiliated areas, that are operated by other organizations.[2] Congress has also designated twenty-two additional independently operated sites as national memorials. Another five memorials have been authorized and are in the planning stage. Memorials need not be located on a site directly related to the subject,[3] and many, such as the Lincoln Memorial, do not have the word "national" in their titles. There is a degree of overlap in development of some areas designated as memorials, monuments, and historic sites, and their characterization is not always consistent with their names, such as whether the site is closely associated with whom it memorializes.[4]
The earliest and perhaps most recognizable is the uniquely designated Washington Monument, which was completed in 1884 and transferred to the NPS in 1933. The most recently established is the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, dedicated in 2020. The Pearl Harbor National Memorial was created out of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument in 2019 and was previously just the USS Arizona Memorial. The NPS national memorials are in 15 states and the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C., has the most, twelve, followed by Pennsylvania and New York, each with three. The affiliated areas are in four states (two additional beyond those with NPS memorials) and the Northern Mariana Islands, while the other sites are in nine states (five additional), the District of Columbia, and Midway Atoll. Creation of new memorials in Washington, D.C. is governed by the Commemorative Works Act, while outside the District there are no systematic regulations.[5]
Among the NPS national memorials and affiliated areas, ten celebrate US presidents, eleven recognize other historic figures, six commemorate wars, five memorialize disasters, and five represent early exploration. Eleven of the twenty-two non-NPS memorials commemorate wars or veterans, another ten represent groups of people who died for related reasons, and one relates to Native American history. Several major war memorials are located on or near the National Mall, contributing to the national identity.[6][7] The historic areas within the National Park System are automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[8]
"National Memorial" is omitted below in the names of sites that include it; others may separate the two words or just use "Memorial", and there is also one international memorial included. Private and other organizations may use the name "national memorial" (such as George Washington Masonic National Memorial and National Memorial for Peace and Justice) but they are not officially designated by the federal government, and are not listed here, as they are not created pursuant to the statutory scheme.[9]
National Park Service national memorials
[edit]The National Park Service manages 31 national memorials as official units.[10] It also oversees two more national memorials as part of other units, listed with the other national memorials. A few additional units, including Fort McHenry National Monument, include "national memorial" in their enabling legislation,[11] but are not otherwise called that and are thus not listed here.
Name | Image | Location | Date established[12] | Area[12][13] | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arkansas Post | ![]() |
Arkansas 34°01′N 91°21′W / 34.02°N 91.35°W |
July 6, 1960 | 757.51 acres (3.0655 km2) | Henri de Tonti established the Arkansas Post in 1686 as the first European trading post in the Mississippi River Valley as part of French Louisiana. It grew into a small settlement and was the site of skirmishes with Native Americans before becoming part of New Spain in 1763 and the US in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. A Civil War battle was won by the Union there in 1863. Visitors can tour a reconstructed fort and archaeological remains of Native American, European, and American settlements.[14] |
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial | ![]() |
Virginia 38°52′52″N 77°04′23″W / 38.881°N 77.073°W |
June 25, 1955 | 28.08 acres (0.1136 km2) | This mansion was built by George Washington's adopted son George Washington Parke Custis, partially as a memorial to Washington. After Custis's death it was managed by his son-in-law Robert E. Lee, who became commander of the Confederate States Army. The US government seized it during the Civil War and established Arlington National Cemetery around it. The house and grounds have been restored with pre-war decor and artifacts of the Custis and Lee families.[15] |
Chamizal | Texas 31°46′N 106°27′W / 31.77°N 106.45°W |
February 4, 1974 | 54.90 acres (0.2222 km2) | Northward shifts in the Rio Grande led to a dispute over the Mexico–United States border between El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez. Summits and tribunals beginning in 1909 failed to resolve the controversy until a 1964 settlement transferred land on both sides of a rechanneled river. The museum and park next to the Bridge of the Americas checkpoint commemorate the resolution and international diplomacy.[16] | |
Coronado | ![]() |
Arizona 31°20′N 110°15′W / 31.34°N 110.25°W |
November 5, 1952 | 4,830.22 acres (19.5472 km2) | Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led the first European exploration of the Southwest, from Arizona to Kansas, finding the Grand Canyon. The site on the Mexican border, where Coronado entered what is now the US, includes a cave and hiking trails through ridges and canyons.[17] |
De Soto | ![]() |
Florida 27°31′N 82°38′W / 27.52°N 82.64°W |
March 11, 1948 | 30 acres (0.12 km2) | Hernando de Soto led the first European exploration of the Southeast, searching for gold while trading and fighting with various Native American tribes before his death along the Mississippi River in 1542. The memorial at the 1539 landing site on Tampa Bay has a reconstructed camp, reenactment events, historic artifacts, and waterfront trails.[18] |
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′N 77°01′W / 38.89°N 77.02°W |
September 17, 2020 | 3.39 acres (0.0137 km2) | Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II and President of the United States in the 1950s. His accomplishments included enforcing school integration, creating NASA and the Interstate Highway System, and ending the Korean War. The memorial features stacked blocks showing quotations; sculptures depicting Eisenhower as a boy, general, and president; and a steel tapestry with an abstract depiction of Pointe du Hoc, a site of D-Day.[19][20] |
Federal Hall | ![]() |
New York 40°42′25″N 74°00′36″W / 40.707°N 74.010°W |
August 11, 1955 | 0.45 acres (0.0018 km2) | This neoclassical building on Wall Street, originally the Port of New York Custom House, stands at the site of the first US Capitol building. The original Federal style building was the site of George Washington's inauguration, the 1st United States Congress, and previously the Congress of the Confederation.[21] |
Flight 93 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania 40°03′18″N 78°54′04″W / 40.055°N 78.901°W |
September 10, 2011 | 2,319.96 acres (9.3885 km2) | The fourth airplane hijacked in the September 11, 2001, attacks, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in a field in southwest Pennsylvania after the passengers fought back against the terrorists, preventing a further attack at the capital. The memorial on the site has a white granite wall engraved with the names of the 40 victims, a 93 ft (28 m)-tall Tower of Voices with 40 wind chimes, and a visitor center.[22] |
Fort Caroline | ![]() |
Florida 30°23′10″N 81°29′53″W / 30.386°N 81.498°W |
January 16, 1953 | 138.39 acres (0.5600 km2) | Around 200 French Huguenots founded Fort Caroline (named after King Charles IX) as a refuge in French Florida in 1685. A year later the Spanish founded St. Augustine nearby and attacked and massacred the settlers at Fort Caroline to take unified control of the region. The current site within the Timucuan Preserve has a reconstructed fort with hiking trails, a visitor center, and monument to the executed leader Jean Ribault.[23] |
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°52′59″N 77°02′35″W / 38.883°N 77.043°W |
May 2, 1997 | 8.14 acres (0.0329 km2) | Franklin D. Roosevelt was the United States' longest-serving president, leading the country during a period of enormous national challenges. Four sections of waterfalls and pools represent Roosevelt's terms in office, when he instituted the New Deal to modernize the economy during the Great Depression and unified the country during World War II. Bronze statues of Roosevelt, his wife Eleanor, his dog Fala, and scenes of period Americans stand between stone walls engraved with notable quotations.[24] |
General Grant | New York 40°48′47″N 73°57′47″W / 40.813°N 73.963°W |
May 1, 1959 | 0.76 acres (0.0031 km2) | Ulysses S. Grant was general of the Union Army and led several victories in Civil War battles before forcing surrender of Lee's Confederacy. He served two terms as president of the United States, overseeing Reconstruction and civil rights, government reform, and relations with Native Americans. Grant's Tomb in Upper Manhattan is his and his wife's resting place, designed after the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.[25] | |
Hamilton Grange | ![]() |
New York 40°49′16″N 73°56′49″W / 40.821°N 73.947°W |
November 19, 1988 | 1.04 acres (0.0042 km2) | Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father who promoted adoption of the Constitution and served as the first Secretary of the Treasury to establish the nation's economic and political system. He lived in this mansion in Harlem for the last two years of his life before being killed in a duel, and his widow lived there for 29 more years. It has been relocated in the vicinity twice for preservation and restoration and now hosts tours.[26] |
Johnstown Flood | ![]() |
Pennsylvania 40°21′00″N 78°46′16″W / 40.350°N 78.771°W |
August 31, 1964 | 177.76 acres (0.7194 km2) | When the South Fork Dam catastrophically failed in 1889, the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, was flooded and more than 2,200 people died, making the flood now the third-deadliest event in the US. The memorial at the site of the dam remains features a visitor center, short hiking trails, and a historic clubhouse.[27] |
Korean War Veterans Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′17″N 77°02′53″W / 38.888°N 77.048°W |
July 27, 1995 | 1.56 acres (0.0063 km2) | The US led United Nations forces in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 defending South Korea against North Korea as part of the Cold War. Of the over 300,000 US servicemembers, more than 36,000 died in the war that ended in a stalemate. The memorial includes a black granite wall etched with images of soldiers, 19 statues of a platoon on patrol, and the Pool of Remembrance that reflects the surrounding linden trees.[28] |
Lincoln Boyhood | ![]() |
Indiana 38°06′47″N 86°59′46″W / 38.113°N 86.996°W |
February 19, 1962 | 199.65 acres (0.8080 km2) | Abraham Lincoln moved with his family from Kentucky to forested Southern Indiana in 1816 and lived there from age 7 to 21. He worked on his family's farm and taught himself with little formal schooling during these formative years. His mother died and is buried here. A living museum reenacts a period farm at a reconstructed homestead near the original home's foundation and a sculpted limestone memorial building.[29] |
Lincoln Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′20″N 77°03′00″W / 38.889°N 77.050°W |
May 30, 1922 | 7.29 acres (0.0295 km2) | Abraham Lincoln led the Union during the Civil War, bringing back together a divided nation and abolishing slavery before being assassinated shortly after the end of the war. A 30 ft (9.1 m)-tall statue of a seated Lincoln sits in this grand temple overlooking the National Mall toward the Capitol. Inside walls are inscribed with the text of his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg Address. Thirty-six Doric columns that represent the states of the Union in 1865 support an entablature whose frieze is inscribed with the names of the 48 states at the time of construction in 1922.[30] |
Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac | District of Columbia 38°52′37″N 77°03′00″W / 38.877°N 77.050°W |
September 27, 1974 | 17.00 acres (0.0688 km2) | Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency saw passage of Great Society legislation that expanded health care access through Medicare and Medicaid, established civil and voting rights prohibiting racial discrimination, addressed poverty and rural development, and promoted conservation and environmental protection. The grove of pine and dogwood trees surrounded by flowers sits on an island in the Potomac with trails, meadows, and a commemorative granite monolith.[31] | |
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′10″N 77°02′38″W / 38.886°N 77.044°W |
August 28, 2011 | 2.74 acres (0.0111 km2) | Martin Luther King Jr. was the most significant leader of the Civil rights movement, organizing boycotts against segregated buses, solidarity marches for civil rights, and the March on Washington against inequality. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent resistance but was assassinated in 1968. Notable quotations, including from his "I Have a Dream" speech and sermons, are etched on granite walls and a 30 ft (9.1 m) sculpture of King.[32] |
Mount Rushmore | ![]() |
South Dakota 43°52′44″N 103°27′32″W / 43.879°N 103.459°W |
July 1, 1939 | 1,278.45 acres (5.1737 km2) | Gutzon Borglum led the sculpting of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln into a mountain in the Black Hills. Limited funding resulted in carving only 60 ft (18 m) heads without their torsos. Mountain goats, mule deer, and yellow-bellied marmots are among the wildlife living in the hills near the visitor center and walking path.[33] |
Pearl Harbor | Hawaii 21°22′N 157°57′W / 21.36°N 157.95°W |
March 12, 2019 | 21.30 acres (0.0862 km2) | The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, led to the entry of the United States into World War II. Japanese bombers in a surprise attack damaged 21 ships, killing 2,403 Americans. Only the USS Arizona, Oklahoma, and Utah were total losses, and their memorials are the centerpieces of this site that also includes Battleship Row and a visitor center with boat rides to the USS Arizona Memorial at the site of the wreck.[34][35] | |
Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial | Ohio 41°39′14″N 82°48′40″W / 41.654°N 82.811°W |
October 26, 1972 | 25.38 acres (0.1027 km2) | Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's naval fleet defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812, securing control of the lake and later peace with Britain and Canada. The world's largest Doric column, with an observation deck on top, stands 352 ft (107 m) tall on South Bass Island to commemorate the battle and international cooperation.[36] | |
Port Chicago Naval Magazine | ![]() |
California 38°03′22″N 122°01′48″W / 38.056°N 122.030°W |
October 28, 1992 | 5.00 acres (0.0202 km2) | In 1944, 430 tons of munition exploded while being loaded onto ships at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine, creating a three-mile-wide fireball that killed 320 people and seriously injured 390 more in the Port Chicago disaster. The majority of victims were Black, and a subsequent mutiny protesting unsafe conditions and segregation led to a court-martial of the mutineers and eventually integration of the armed forces.[37] |
Roger Williams | ![]() |
Rhode Island 41°49′52″N 71°24′40″W / 41.831°N 71.411°W |
October 22, 1965 | 4.56 acres (0.0185 km2) | Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island on the basis of religious freedom, having been exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for separating from the Church of England. The memorial is a landscaped park in downtown Providence, with a visitor center in a historic home.[38] |
Thaddeus Kosciuszko | ![]() |
Pennsylvania 39°56′35″N 75°08′49″W / 39.943°N 75.147°W |
October 21, 1972 | 0.02 acres (0.0081 hectares) | Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko joined the Continental Army when the American Revolution broke out, overseeing various fort construction projects and later leading troops on the battlefield. After returning to Poland and leading a failed uprising against Russian occupation, he briefly lived at this house in Philadelphia before returning to Europe again. This is the smallest unit of the National Park System.[39] |
Theodore Roosevelt Island | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′49″N 77°03′50″W / 38.897°N 77.064°W |
October 27, 1967 | 88.50 acres (0.3581 km2) | Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War and served as governor of New York before becoming vice president and then president when William McKinley was assassinated. His Square Deal promoted trustbusting, labor rights, and consumer protection, and he was a noted conservationist, establishing the Forest Service, the first national monuments, and wildlife refuges. This forested island in the Potomac features hiking trails and a memorial plaza with fountains, notable quotations, and a 17 ft (5.2 m) statue of Roosevelt.[40] |
Thomas Jefferson Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°52′52″N 77°02′13″W / 38.881°N 77.037°W |
April 13, 1943 | 18.36 acres (0.0743 km2) | Thomas Jefferson was a Founding Father who wrote the Declaration of Independence, was the first secretary of state, and served as president from 1801 to 1809. He promoted democratic ideals, individual freedoms, and states' rights in his nationally formative writings, and as president he expanded the country's territory with the Louisiana Purchase. The memorial, based on the Pantheon and the Rotunda at the University of Virginia that Jefferson designed himself, sits on the Tidal Basin with a bronze statue facing toward the White House surrounded by notable quotations.[41] |
Vietnam Veterans Memorial | District of Columbia 38°53′28″N 77°02′53″W / 38.891°N 77.048°W |
November 13, 1982 | 2.18 acres (0.0088 km2) | Almost three million Americans were deployed to Vietnam during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975 as part of a campaign to stop communism in the region. Reflective black granite walls, sunken below ground level, bear the names of 58,320 servicemembers who died during the conflict. There are also statues representing women who served and the diversity of soldiers.[42] | |
Washington Monument | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′20″N 77°02′06″W / 38.889°N 77.035°W |
February 21, 1885 | 106.01 acres (0.4290 km2) | As commanding general of the Continental Army, George Washington was instrumental in securing victory in the Revolutionary War, leading him to serve as the first president of the United States. His presidency laid the foundations for the politics of the republic with policies on banking, taxes, the judiciary, and foreign affairs. The Monument, the centerpiece of the National Mall, is a 555 ft (169 m) tall obelisk of marble, granite, and gneiss topped with a small aluminum pyramid. A variety of interior memorial stones are visible from the elevator to the observation deck.[43] |
World War I Memorial | District of Columbia 38°53′46″N 77°01′59″W / 38.896°N 77.033°W |
December 19, 2014 | 1.76 acres (0.0071 km2) | The US entered World War I in 1917 and the American Expeditionary Forces saw about 2.8 million servicemembers fight in Europe through the end of the following year, with 53,000 deaths. Originally called Pershing Park in honor of General John J. Pershing, as of 2019[update] the memorial is undergoing a conversion from a fountain and pond to a lawn and plaza with a wall of remembrance.[44][45] | |
World War II Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′20″N 77°02′24″W / 38.889°N 77.040°W |
May 29, 2004 | 8.25 acres (0.0334 km2) | Over 16 million veterans served during World War II from 1941 to 1945 alongside the other Allies against the Axis powers. The memorial recognizes their service with two triumphal arches representing the Atlantic and Pacific theaters, surrounded by 56 pillars for the states and territories. At the center is a pool with an oval of fountains, on the east are walls engraved with scenes of war, and on the west is a wall with 4,048 gold stars representing the approximately 404,800 killed in action.[46] |
Wright Brothers | North Carolina 36°00′50″N 75°40′05″W / 36.014°N 75.668°W |
December 4, 1953 | 428.44 acres (1.7338 km2) | Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first powered flight with the Wright Flyer at Kill Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk in 1903, developing it into the first fixed-wing aircraft, the Wright Flyer III. A monument tower representing a wing commemorates their achievement and earlier aviation experimenters. Paths outline the routes of the first flights near a reproduction hangar.[47] |
Affiliated areas of the National Park Service
[edit]The National Park Service provides technical or financial assistance to affiliated areas but does not own or administer them.[12]
Name | Image | Location | Date established[12] | Area[12] | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
American Memorial Park | Northern Mariana Islands 15°12′58″N 145°43′19″E / 15.216°N 145.722°E |
August 18, 1978 | 133.00 acres (0.5 km2) | The Japanese had mandate over the Northern Mariana Islands after World War I and used them as a base for their World War II Pacific offensive. The key summer 1944 Battles of Saipan and Tinian during the Mariana Islands campaign led to the US liberation of the islands. The Commonwealth-owned memorial commemorates the thousands of American and Chamorro casualties during the campaign with a flag monument, bell tower, and granite memorial near recreational park areas and a mangrove forest.[48] | |
Benjamin Franklin | ![]() |
Pennsylvania 39°57′29″N 75°10′23″W / 39.958°N 75.173°W |
October 25, 1972 | 0.154 acres (0.1 hectares) | Benjamin Franklin was a Founding Father who served in several political and diplomatic roles during the early republic, signing both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. He made a number of scientific inquiries and inventions including the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove. The 20 ft (6.1 m) marble statue of a seated Franklin by James Earle Fraser sits in the Memorial Hall rotunda of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.[49][50] |
Father Marquette | ![]() |
Michigan 45°51′11″N 84°43′34″W / 45.853°N 84.726°W |
December 20, 1975 | 52.00 acres (0.2 km2) | The French Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette founded the first two European settlements in Michigan, Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace, seeking to convert Native Americans to Catholicism. He joined Louis Jolliet on an exploration of the Upper Mississippi River. A memorial and interpretive trail in Straits State Park overlook the Mackinac Bridge.[51][52] |
Oklahoma City | ![]() |
Oklahoma 35°28′23″N 97°31′01″W / 35.473°N 97.517°W |
April 19, 2000 | 6.24 acres (0.0 km2) | Anti-government terrorists detonated a truck bomb that destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people, injuring another 680, and damaging hundreds of buildings. The memorial features a reflecting pool flanked by square bronze gates that represent the moments before and after the event at 9:01 am on April 19, 1995. A field of empty chairs and what is left of the building's walls symbolize the victims and survivors, mostly federal employees and children at a day care.[53][54] |
Red Hill Patrick Henry | ![]() |
Virginia 37°01′55″N 78°53′53″W / 37.032°N 78.898°W |
May 12, 1986 | 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) | Patrick Henry was the first governor of Virginia and was known for his oration for the cause of independence from Britain, including his "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech. He lived at his Red Hill estate the last five years of his life, which now has the original law office and reconstructed home.[55] |
Other national memorials
[edit]Congress has designated a number of sites as national memorials but not as units or affiliated areas of the National Park Service. While some are maintained by other federal agencies, most of these were created by local governments or private organizations which sought federal designation for wider and official recognition; the naming typically does not come with federal funding, but Congress has provided funds or allowed private fundraising for certain memorial sites.[5] The Department of the Interior has noted that Congressional designation of private or local government sites as "National" may mislead the public into believing they are affiliated with the federal government.[56] Congress has also authorized the construction of many memorials or commemorative works on federal land under the Commemorative Works Act, usually in Washington, D.C., or nearby;[57] these are not listed unless specifically called a national memorial.
Name | Image | Location | Date designated[58] | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
AIDS Memorial Grove | ![]() |
California | November 12, 1996 | This seven-acre (0.028 km2) landscaped space in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park features redwood trees, meadows, and memorial spaces dedicated to victims and patients of HIV/AIDS and the continued fight against the disease.[59][60][61] |
Astronauts Memorial | ![]() |
Florida | May 8, 1991 | The Space Mirror Memorial at NASA's Kennedy Space Center is a reflective black granite monument engraved with the names of 24 astronauts who have died in spaceflight missions or training. Major disasters include Apollo 1 and Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia.[62][63] |
Battle of Midway | ![]() |
Midway Atoll | September 13, 2000 | The Battle of Midway in June 1942 was the turning point of the Pacific War that put the US Navy on the offensive. The victory cost the lives of 307 sailors, a destroyer, and an aircraft carrier, but secured the vital base on the island and weakened the Japanese position. The Fish and Wildlife Service maintains a memorial park at the dual-named Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial, a breeding ground for albatross, Hawaiian monk seals, and other marine life.[64] |
David Berger Memorial | ![]() |
Ohio | March 5, 1980 | David Berger was an American Israeli weightlifter who competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He and ten other Israeli competitors and coaches were kidnapped and killed by terrorists in the Munich massacre. Located at a Jewish Community Center, a steel sculpture of the five Olympic rings split in half sits on eleven supporting segments.[65][66] |
El Paso Community Healing Garden | – | Texas | December 29, 2022 | A right-wing terrorist targeted Latino Americans at a Walmart store in El Paso, killing 23 people and injuring 22 in a mass shooting. A memorial to these victims of white supremacy and gun violence consisting of 23 bronze plaques on a semicircular wall was installed at Ascarate Park in the Mission Valley neighborhood in August 2021.[67] |
National D-Day Memorial | ![]() |
Virginia | June 6, 2001 | American troops joined Allied forces in the Invasion of Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944, to begin the liberation of France. More than 150,000 Allied troops landed in a sustained airborne and amphibious assault on five beaches that saw more than 10,000 casualties. The memorial includes a central pool, Operation Overlord arch, numerous statues of commandos in action and General Eisenhower, and flags of participating nations.[68] |
Disabled American Veterans Vietnam Veterans | ![]() |
New Mexico | November 13, 1987 | The parents of a soldier killed in Vietnam built a sail-shaped chapel with the assistance of Disabled American Veterans to honor all veterans of the war. The site, a New Mexico Department of Veteran Services memorial, also has a helicopter damaged in Vietnam and sculptures of a soldier and nurses.[69][70] |
Distinguished Flying Cross | – | California | July 25, 2014 | The Distinguished Flying Cross has been awarded to more than 170,000 members of the US armed forces and some civilians who have shown "heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight". The March Field Air Museum hosts this pyramidal monument in honor of their service.[71] |
National Memorial to Fallen Educators | ![]() |
Kansas | April 30, 2018 | Located at the National Teachers Hall of Fame, this monument honors educators who died in the course of their roles, including victims of school shootings and school bus crashes.[72] |
National Fallen Firefighters Memorial | ![]() |
Maryland | August 9, 1990 | On the campus of the National Fire Academy, a sculpted St. Florian cross and eternal flame are surrounded by a Wall of Honor with the names of firefighters who died in the line of duty. It is maintained by the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation.[73] |
Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II | ![]() |
District of Columbia | November 9, 2000 | The US government baselessly challenged the loyalty of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II, detaining them in a number of internment camps around the country. Despite that, 33,000 Japanese Americans served their country in the armed forces. This monument depicting cranes escaping barbed wire symbolizes their sacrifices during this injustice. It is part of the National Mall and Memorial Parks NPS unit.[74][75] |
Kol Israel Foundation Holocaust Memorial | ![]() |
Ohio | December 29, 2022 | The Zion Memorial Park Cemetery donated land for the construction of a monument to victims of the Holocaust in 1961, the first in the United States. A ring of granite is engraved with names of 1,300 family members of Cleveland-area Holocaust survivors. It surrounds a central column that contains ashes of victims.[76][77][78][79] |
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial | District of Columbia | October 15, 1991 | Honoring more than 23,000 law enforcement officers who have died in the line of duty, the memorial plaza has tree-lined pathways protected by twelve bronze lions.[80] | |
Medicine Creek Treaty | ![]() |
Washington | December 18, 2015 | The 1854 Treaty of Medicine Creek established three reservations for nine south Puget Sound-area tribes, who ceded 2,240,000 acres (9,100 km2) to the US government; agreed-upon payments and hunting and fishing rights however were not respected, leading to further conflict. The signing site is managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service in the Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, named for a Nisqually activist who successfully fought for the treaty rights.[81] |
Mt. Soledad Veterans Memorial | ![]() |
California | December 8, 2004 | A wooden cross was originally placed on Mount Soledad in San Diego by local residents in 1913. The current 29 ft (8.8 m)-tall concrete cross was built in 1954 by Christian groups and was designated a memorial to veterans in 1989. The Department of Defense took the site from the city by eminent domain in 2006 until it was sold to a private association in 2015 following a three-decade-long Establishment Clause legal battle. Six walls are covered in plaques commemorating veterans and military units.[82][83] |
National Native American Veterans Memorial | ![]() |
District of Columbia 38°53′20″N 77°00′58″W / 38.889°N 77.016°W |
November 11, 2020 | This memorial at the National Museum of the American Indian honors the military service of American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian veterans. A vertical steel circle stands on a stone drum from which water flows and a ceremonial fire burns.[84] |
National Pulse Memorial | ![]() |
Florida 28°31′12″N 81°22′37″W / 28.520°N 81.377°W |
June 25, 2021 | Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was the scene of a mass shooting that killed 49 people on June 12, 2016. There are plans for a memorial with a reflecting pool around the building and a museum a few blocks away.[85] |
National Veterans Memorial and Museum | ![]() |
Ohio | October 27, 2018 | This is the first museum dedicated to veterans and their families, focusing on their individual stories and sacrifices rather than the military and war. Exhibits show servicemembers' journeys throughout American history and how veterans are recognized in society. An elm-lined memorial grove with waterfalls into a reflecting pool offers space for remembrance.[86] |
Prisoner of War/Missing in Action | ![]() |
California | December 10, 2004 | This memorial at Riverside National Cemetery (US Department of Veterans Affairs) depicts a man on his knees and bound by his captors, surrounded by pillars of black marble. It commemorates American servicemembers who have been taken prisoner of war or went missing in action.[87] |
United States Marine Corps War Memorial | ![]() |
Virginia | November 10, 1954 | This memorial is dedicated to the dead of the US Marine Corps since its founding in 1775. Located at George Washington Memorial Parkway it depicts the raising of the flag on Iwo Jima, a symbol of the Corps's dedication in amphibious warfare.[88][89] |
USS Indianapolis Memorial | ![]() |
Indiana | November 30, 1993 | The heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis was torpedoed by a submarine after it delivered parts of the Little Boy atomic bomb to Tinian, killing 300 sailors when it sank. Another 600 perished during four days adrift and only 316 survived, making it the US Navy's greatest loss of life at sea due to its failure to monitor the ship's movement. The granite memorial resembles the shape of a ship and depicts the Indianapolis with the names of the crew.[90] |
White Cross World War I Memorial | California | January 10, 2002 | A white cross was originally erected by Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) in the Mojave Desert in 1934 as a memorial to American participation in World War I and those who served. Previously in Mojave National Preserve, the land around the cross was conveyed to the VFW due to separation of church and state concerns, the constitutionality of which transfer was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2010.[91] |
Future national memorials
[edit]These memorials have been authorized by Congress but have not yet been constructed and established. Three would become NPS units if completed.[92]
Name | Location | Date authorized | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Adams Memorial | District of Columbia | November 5, 2001 | Will honor presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams, their wives Abigail Adams and Louisa Adams, and other members of the Adams political family. Neither a location nor design has been selected but a new planning commission was authorized in 2019. It will expire in 2025.[93] |
Hershel Woody Williams National Medal of Honor Monument | District of Columbia | December 27, 2021 | Will honor recipients of the Medal of Honor. Named after Hershel W. Williams. There is a 2028 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.[94] |
National Emergency Medical Services Memorial | District of Columbia | November 3, 2018 | Will honor the services of emergency medical services personnel. There is a 2025 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.[95] |
National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial | District of Columbia 38°53′28″N 77°03′04″W / 38.891°N 77.051°W |
December 19, 2014 | Will commemorate the events and veterans of the Gulf War, a six-month troop buildup and conflict that ended the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. There is a 2024 deadline to raise funds and finalize a proposed spiral-shaped wall design.[96] |
National Global War on Terrorism Memorial | District of Columbia | August 18, 2017 | Will commemorate the events and veterans of the War on Terror, including the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan and other military campaigns. There is a 2028 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial, which received an exemption to be built in the Reserve.[97] |
Saint Francis Dam Disaster | California 34°33′N 118°31′W / 34.55°N 118.51°W |
March 12, 2019 | The St. Francis Dam was a 700 ft (210 m)-wide dam that supported a reservoir for Los Angeles's water supply. It catastrophically failed in 1928 and the flood killed at least 431 people. A memorial will be built within Angeles National Forest by the US Forest Service.[98] |
Women's Suffrage National Monument | District of Columbia | December 17, 2020 | Will honor suffragists who organized and demonstrated for the women's right to vote in the United States. There is a 2027 deadline to raise funds and finalize a design for the memorial.[99] |
See also
[edit]- List of areas in the United States National Park System
- List of national monuments of the United States
- Presidential memorials in the United States
- National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission
References
[edit]- ^ "Designations of National Park System Units". National Park Service. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
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- ^ a b "Memorials and Commemorative Works Outside Washington, DC: Background, Federal Role, and Options for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. May 29, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
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