Wind power, a form of renewable energy harnessed through wind turbines, stands as a pivotal contributor to Australia's energy landscape. With an impressive total installed wind capacity reaching approximately 9,100 megawatts (MW),^[1] as of October 2023, wind power constitutes a significant portion, representing 5% of Australia's total primary energy supply and a substantial 35% of its renewable energy supply.^[2] Notably, Australia's geographic disposition favors the proliferation of wind energy infrastructure, particularly in the southern regions of the nation and along the slopes of the Great Dividing Range in the east. Approximately half of Australia's wind farms are strategically located near coastal regions.^[3]

The Federal Government formally designated the Bass Strait off Gippsland as the country's inaugural offshore wind zone in December 2022.^[4]

Wind resources[edit]

The abundant wind resources in Australia provide a major opportunity for the country to grow its renewable energy sector. The southern coastline lies in the roaring forties. Many sites have average wind speeds above 8–9 m/s at turbine hub height.

During the 1980s and 1990s, several states carried out a systematic monitoring of wind speed, which results are available to the public. Most tested sites are close to Australia's main population centres, making wind power a convenient resource for electricity generation.

Australian wind farms produce an average capacity factor range of 30–35%, making wind a viable option. South Australia's large share (along with nearby Victoria) means most of Australia's wind power occurs around the same time. The correlation between South Australia and New South Wales is 0.34, while the correlation between South Australia and Tasmania is 0.10.

Wind farms[edit]

As of October 2022, there were 94 operational wind farms in Australia, totaling 9,234 MW in capacity.[1]

The largest wind farm is Coopers Gap Wind Farm in Queensland, which began generating to the grid in June 2019, with a capacity of 453 MW.[2] As of December 2019, 50 Coopers Gap Wind Farm's turbines out of the initial 123 were operational.[3]

By generating capacity, the ten largest wind farms in Australia are:

No.	Project	State	Capacity (MW)
1	M’intyre Wind Farm Project	Queensland	2026
2	Coopers Gap Wind Farm	Queensland	453
3	Macarthur Wind Farm	Victoria	420
4	Snowtown Wind Farm	South Australia	369
5	Hallett Wind Farm	South Australia	351
6	Hornsdale Wind Farm	South Australia	315
7	Lake Bonney Wind Farm	South Australia	278
7	Sapphire Wind Farm[5]	New South Wales	270
8	Ararat Wind Farm[6]	Victoria	240
9	Murra Warra Wind Farm	Victoria	226
10	Collgar Wind Farm	Western Australia	222

Australia's first commercial wind farm, Salmon Beach Wind Farm, near Esperanza in Western Australia, operated for 15 years from 1987 but was decommissioned due to urban encroachment. It has since been replaced by Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm and Nine Mile Beach Wind Farm.^[7]

Wind power by state[edit]

A full listing of all the wind farms in Australia can be found in the List of wind farms in Australia. Relevant state articles are:

• New South Wales wind power
• Queensland wind farms
• South Australia wind power
• Tasmania wind farms
• Victoria wind farms
• Western Australia wind farms

Installed capacity by state

The following figures are based on capacity and generation as of the end of 2020.^[8] Proposed figures are updated to December 2020.^[9][10][11]

Note that figures may not agree with aggregate figures previously stated, due to different data sources and reporting dates contained within them.

#	State / Territory	Wind Power Capacity				Proposed
		Installed capacity				Under construction or committed
		Projects	Turbines	Total MW	Penetration (%)[12][13]	Projects	Total MW
1	Victoria	31	1,004	2,610	13.3	10	1,537
2	South Australia	24	820	2,053	41.5	1	86
3	New South Wales	20	698	1,902	6.8	4	729
4	Western Australia	16	?	638	12.9	4	746
5	Tasmania	5	194	563	14.2	0	0
6	Queensland	2	73	193	2.1	4	826
	Australia	98	2,789+	7,959	9.9	23	3,924

In 2019, South Australia supplied 29.2% of Australia's wind power, fulfilling 41% of the state's electricity requirements. By the end of 2011, wind power generation in South Australia had reached 26%, surpassing coal-fired power for the first time. At that point, despite comprising only 7.2% of Australia's population, South Australia possessed 54% of the country's installed wind capacity.

Victoria also possesses a significant system, contributing 27.8% of Australia's wind power in 2019. In August 2015, the Victorian government announced financial support for new wind farms as part of an initiative to promote renewable energy within the state. This initiative aimed to expedite the construction of a modest 100 MW of new wind energy, representing a $200 million investment. The government estimated that 2400 MW worth of Victorian projects had been approved but remained unbuilt.

Installed capacity (nameplate) refers to the theoretical maximum capacity of the engineered design under perfect operating conditions. The accepted AEMO rating is the capacity factor rating that accounts for approximately 30 to 35 percent of the installed or nameplate capacity. Additionally, depending on the location of the wind turbine, there may be energy losses in the feeder transmission line, which vary based on its length, before reaching the main electricity grid.

Economics[edit]

Wind developments typically entail substantial upfront capital costs, with comparatively lower operating expenses. Nevertheless, maintenance costs can accumulate over time due to the necessity for periodic replacement of components susceptible to wear.

In contrast, conventional energy sources such as gas and coal demand significant initial capital investments and incur ongoing operating costs. Gas and coal power stations also generally have much longer operational lifespans compared to wind turbines. When adequately maintained, coal and gas plants can remain operational for up to three times longer than wind turbines.

Despite these complexities, existing data indicate that wind energy is one of the most cost-efficient renewable energy sources but approximately two times the cost of coal-generated power in 2006.[1] When the costs associated with pollution were factored in, it was competitive with coal- and gas-fired power stations even then. By 2014, wind had the lowest levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of any power source in Australia.^[14]

A 2012 study by SKM on the economic benefits of wind farms in Australia^[15] found that, for every 50 MW in capacity, a wind farm delivered the following benefits:

• direct employment of up to 48 construction workers, with each worker spending approximately $25,000 in the local area in shops, restaurants, hotels and other services – a total of up to $1.2 million
• direct employment of around five staff – a total annual input of $125,000 spent in the local economy
• indirect employment during the construction phase of approximately 160 people locally, 504 state jobs and 795 nationwide jobs
• up to $250,000 per year for farmers in land rental income and $80,000 on community projects yearly.

Environmental impact[edit]

Australia is the fifth highest per capita emitter of greenhouse gases with 25.8 tonne CO₂-e per person annually, ranking first of the industrialized countries, and ranks sixteenth of all countries in total country emissions with 495 Mt CO₂-e per annum.^[16] It is one of the major exporters of coal, the burning of which releases CO₂ into the atmosphere. It is also one of the countries most at risk from climate change according to the Stern report. This is partially because of the size of its agriculture sector and long coastline.

A wind farm, when installed on agricultural land, has one of the lowest environmental impacts of all energy sources:^[17]

• It occupies less land area per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity generated than any other energy conversion system, apart from rooftop solar energy, and is compatible with grazing and crops.
• It generates the energy used in its construction in just 3 months of operation, yet its operational lifetime is 20–25 years.
• Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution produced by its construction are small and declining. There is very little emission or pollution produced by its operation.
• In substituting for base-load (mostly coal power) in mainland Australia, wind power produces a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
• Modern wind turbines are almost silent and rotate so slowly (in terms of revolutions per minute) that they are rarely a hazard to birds.^[17]

Landscape and heritage issues can be a significant issue for certain wind farms. However, these are minimal when compared with the environmental effects of coal. However, when appropriate planning procedures are followed, the heritage and landscape risks should be minimal. People may still object to wind farms, perhaps on the grounds of aesthetics, but their concerns should be weighed against the need to address the threats posed by climate change and the opinions of the broader community.^[18]

Overseas experience has shown that community consultation and direct involvement of the general public in wind farm projects have helped to increase community approval.^[19] Some wind farms become tourist attractions.^[20]

The Garnaut Climate Change Review, the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme and the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target announced by the Australian Government involve a reduction in Australian greenhouse gas emissions. Australia is the highest emitter of greenhouse gases per capita in the developed world^[21][22] and wind power is well placed to grow and deliver greenhouse gas emission cuts on a cost-competitive basis. A typical 50-megawatt (MW) wind farm in Australia can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by between 65,000 and 115,000 tonnes a year.^[23]

Based on the 2010 figures for electricity production of 5 TWh nationally, it is estimated that wind power saved Australia 5,100,000 tonnes of CO₂ emissions in that year. In relative terms, that is calculated to be the equivalent of removing 1,133,000 cars from the nation's roads.^[24]

Politics[edit]

From 2001 to early 2006, the main driving force for the establishment of wind farms in Australia was the Government's Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET).^[25][26] However, by mid-2006, sufficient renewable energy had been installed or was under construction to meet the small MRET target for 2010. Also, in 2006, several Federal Government Ministers spoke out against several wind farm proposals.^[26]

Mark Diesendorf has suggested that the Australian Government has tried to stop the development of wind power, the lowest-cost, new, renewable electricity source until coal-fired power stations with CO₂ capture and sequestration and possibly nuclear power stations were available. However, "clean coal" technologies may not be commercially available for at least 20 years. Furthermore, to bring down the high cost of nuclear power to a level where it could compete with wind power would require a new generation of nuclear power stations that is still on the drawing board, which could take at least 15 years.^[26]

In November 2007, when the Rudd (Labor) government was elected in Australia, it ratified Australia's commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, promised a target of 20% renewable power by 2020 and to do more to reduce Australia's greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, several new wind power projects were proposed in anticipation of an expanded MRET.

Major wind projects[edit]

In January 2022, construction began on the Goyder South development, which is expected to become one of Australia’s largest wind farms. Run by French firm Neoen, the project expects to be able to provide 209 MW of power generation by 2024, and a similar amount again when construction is complete.^[27]

In south east Queensland, Australia’s first gigawattscale wind project is in development: the MacIntrye facility (923 MW), majority owned by Spanish energy firm Acciona, and the Karara Wind Farm (103 MW), owned and operated by CleanCo. ^[27]

As of April 2023, one of the most significant wind projects underway in Victoria is the 756 MW stage one of the Golden Plains development in Rokewood.^[27]

See also[edit]

• Australian Renewable Energy Agency
• List of large wind farms
• Geothermal power in Australia
• Renewable energy debate

References[edit]