Insulin is produced exclusively by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The level and beta-cell specificity of insulin gene expression are regulated by a set of nuclear genes that bind to specific sequences within the promoter of the insulin gene INS and interact with RNA polymerase to activate or repress transcription. LMX1 is a LIMhomeoboxtranscription factor that binds an A/T-rich sequence in the insulin promoter and stimulates transcription of insulin.[7]
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German MS, Wang J, Fernald AA, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Bell GI (1994). "Localization of the genes encoding two transcription factors, LMX1 and CDX3, regulating insulin gene expression to human chromosomes 1 and 13". Genomics. 24 (2): 403–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1639. PMID7698771.
Iannotti CA, Inoue H, Bernal E, Aoki M, Liu L, Donis-Keller H, German MS, Permutt MA (1997). "Identification of a human LMX1 (LMX1.1)-related gene, LMX1.2: tissue-specific expression and linkage mapping on chromosome 9". Genomics. 46 (3): 520–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5075. PMID9441763.
Thameem F, Wolford JK, Wang J, German MS, Bogardus C, Prochazka M (2002). "Cloning, expression and genomic structure of human LMX1A, and variant screening in Pima Indians". Gene. 290 (1–2): 217–25. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00582-6. PMID12062816.
Hassel S, Eichner A, Yakymovych M, Hellman U, Knaus P, Souchelnytskyi S (2004). "Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry". Proteomics. 4 (5): 1346–58. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300770. PMID15188402. S2CID6773754.
