Operation North (Russian: Операция "Север") was the code name which was assigned by the USSR Ministry of State Security[1] to the massive deportation of Jehovah's Witnesses[2] and their families to Siberia in the Soviet Union on 1 and 8 April 1951.[3][4][5][6]
Background[edit]
There were almost no Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union until its annexation of the Baltic States, Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, Bessarabia, and Northern Bukovina; most of them were living in the Moldavian SSR and Ukrainian SSR. Jehovah's Witnesses came into the conflict with the Soviet government, primarily because they refused to join the military.[4] Their teachings were soon regarded as anti-Soviet. Members of religious groups, including Jehovah's Witnesses, qualified as religious elements which were considered a potential source of danger by the communist regime.[7][8] In November 1950, Viktor Abakumov reported a plan to deport them to Stalin, and Stalin suggested that the deportation should occur in March–April 1951.[3]
Implementation[edit]
On February 19, 1951, Abakumov delivered a secret notice to Stalin,[9] detailing plans for the deportations of Jehovah's Witnesses to Tomsk Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast. It said, in particular, that during 1947–1950, 1048 Jehovah's Witnesses leaders and activists had been arrested, 5 underground print houses had been uncovered, and large amounts of printed matter confiscated. The deportees were permitted to take a maximum of 150 kilograms of property, packed within two hours; the remaining property was to be confiscated "to cover the obligations of the deportees before the state".[4] Abakumov's notice listed the following planned numbers of deportees:[10]
- Total number: 8576 persons (3048 families), including:
- Ukrainian SSR — 6140 persons (2020 families);
- Byelorussian SSR — 394 persons (153 families);
- Moldavian SSR — 1675 persons (670 families);
- Latvian SSR — 52 persons (27 families);
- Lithuanian SSR — 76 persons (48 families);
- Estonian SSR — 250 persons (130 families).
On March 3, 1951, the USSR Council of Ministers issued the corresponding decree (no. 667-339ss[11]), followed by an order of the Ministry of State Security (no. 00193[11]) of March 5, 1951. On March 24, the Moldavian SSR Council of Ministers issued the decree on the confiscation and selling of the property of the deportees. Operation North started at 4 a.m. on April 1, 1951, and round-ups ended on April 2. The deportees were classified as "special settlers".[3] From the Moldavian SSR, there were 2,617 persons (723 families) deported on the night of March 31 to April 1, 1951.[12][13][7][8] In total, 9,973 persons were deported from the whole country.[11][14]
Amnesty and exculpation[edit]
On September 30, 1965, a decree (no. 4020-1U[11]) of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers cancelled the "special settlement" restriction for members of the four deported religious groups and their family members. However, this decree signed by Anastas Mikoyan stated that there would be no compensation for the confiscated property, and that return to their previous places of residence was subject to the approval of the local administrations. Though released, Jehovah's Witnesses remained the subject of legal persecution due to their ideology classified as anti-Soviet. The organization was legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991 and re-banned by Russia in 2017. The deported and convicted Jehovah's Witnesses (and other religion-related convicts) were rehabilitated as victims of Soviet political repressions by the ukase no. 378 of President of the Russian Federation of March 3, 1996, "On the Measures for Rehabilitation of the Priests and Believers who had become Victims of Unjustified Repressions" (О мерах по реабилитации священнослужителей и верующих, ставших жертвами необоснованных репрессий).[4][11]
Notable deportees[edit]
- Family of Zinaida Greceanîi, former prime Minister of Moldova
See also[edit]
References and notes[edit]
- ^ "Operation North" (in Russian)
- ^ In Soviet documents, the group was often called the Jehovists. In the footnotes to his book Against Their Will, Pavel Polyan notes that the Soviets were probably unaware of the existence of another Russian religious group which also had the same name in Russian
- ^ a b c Валерий Пасат ."Трудные страницы истории Молдовы (1940–1950)". Москва: Изд. Terra, 1994 (in Russian)
- ^ a b c d "Christian Believers Were Persecuted by All Totalitarian Regimes" Prava Lyudini ("Rights of a Person"), the newspaper of a Ukrainian human rights organization, Kharkiv, December 2001 (in Russian)
- ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, p.96
- ^ "50th Anniversary of the Operation North" Archived 2012-02-18 at archive.today, Bulletin #23, 2001, of the Memorial Society (in Russian)
- ^ a b Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final / ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, București: Humanitas, 2007, ISBN 978-973-50-1836-8, p. 754 (in Romanian)
- ^ a b Elena Şişcanu, Basarabia sub ergimul bolşevic (1940–1952), București, Ed. Semne, 1998, p.111 (in Romanian)
- ^ Titled: "On the need to evict members of the anti-Soviet sect of Jehovah's Witnesses and members of their families from the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, the Moldavian, Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian SSR." Записка МГБ СССР "О необходимости выселения из западных областей Украины и Белоруссии, Молдавской, Латвийской, Литовской и Эстонской ССР участников антисоветской секты иеговистов и членов их семей".
- ^ "Recalling Operation North", by Vitali Kamyshev, "Русская мысль", Париж, N 4363, 26 April 2001 (in Russian)
- ^ a b c d e "A Survey of Judicial Practice of the Jehovah's Witnesses Cases", G.A.Krylova
- ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, p. 96
- ^ Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spânu, The A to Z of Moldova, p. 118
- ^ Moscow Press Conference on 70th Anniversary of Operation North. Deportation of Nearly 10,000 of Jehovah's Witnesses to Siberia
