His Excellency Nayib Bukele
Official portrait, 2019
43rd President of El Salvador
Incumbent
Assumed office 1 June 2019[a]
Vice President	Félix Ulloa
Preceded by	Salvador Sánchez Cerén
13th Mayor of San Salvador
In office 1 May 2015 – 30 April 2018
Preceded by	Norman Quijano
Succeeded by	Ernesto Muyshondt
Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán
In office 1 May 2012 – 30 April 2015
Preceded by	Álvaro Rodríguez
Succeeded by	Michelle Sol
Personal details
Born	Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez (1981-07-24) 24 July 1981 (age 42) San Salvador, El Salvador
Political party	Nuevas Ideas (since 2017)
Other political affiliations	GANA (2018–2023) Democratic Change (2018) Independent (2017) FMLN (2012–2017)
Spouse	Gabriela Rodríguez ​ (m. 2014)​
Children	2
Parent	Armando Bukele Kattán (father)
Education	Central American University (no degree)
Occupation	Politician, businessman
Cabinet	Cabinet of Nayib Bukele
Signature

This article is part of a series about Nayib Bukele
Political offices Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán (2012–2015) Mayor of San Salvador (2015–2018) President of El Salvador (2019–present) Presidency Bukelism – Cabinet – Nuevas Ideas Political crises 2020 2021 COVID-19 pandemic Bitcoin law city Territorial Control Plan War against gangs CECOT War against corruption Opinion polling International trips Elections 2012 2015 2019 2024 Media gallery

Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez (Spanish pronunciation: [naˈʝiβ buˈkele]; born 24 July 1981) is a Salvadoran politician and businessman who is the 43rd president of El Salvador, serving since 1 June 2019. He is the first Salvadoran president since 1984 who was not elected as a candidate of one of the country's two major political parties: the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), of which Bukele was formerly a member.

Beginning in 1999, Bukele worked at an advertising company owned by his father and also established his own advertising company. Both his and his father's companies advertised election campaigns for the FMLN. In 2011, Bukele announced that he would enter politics, and in 2012, he officially became a member of the FMLN. That year, he was elected as the mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán and served until 2015. That same year, Bukele was elected as the mayor of San Salvador and served until 2018. In 2017, Bukele was ousted from the FMLN, and shortly afterwards, he founded the Nuevas Ideas political party with which he sought to pursue a presidential campaign in 2019. After the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) refused to register his party, Bukele ran for president with the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA) and won with 53 percent of the vote.

During Bukele's first year in office, homicides decreased by 50 percent. Bukele attributed this decrease to the deployment of thousands of police officers and soldiers to gang strongholds as a part of his Territorial Control Plan, while the El Faro digital newspaper and the United States Department of State accused Bukele's government of secretly negotiating with gangs to reduce the homicide rate. After over 80 people were killed by gangs over the span of one weekend in March 2022, Bukele's government initiated a nationwide crackdown on gangs which has resulted in the arrests of over 79,000 people with alleged gang affiliations as of 2 April 2024^[update], many of whom are incarcerated at the Terrorism Confinement Center (CECOT). In 2021, Bukele passed a law which declared bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador, and he has promoted plans to build a Bitcoin City powered by geothermal energy to mine bitcoin. Bukele ran for re-election in the 2024 presidential election despite a constitutional ban on consecutive re-election; Bukele won re-election with over 85 percent of the vote.

Bukele has been accused of governing in an authoritarian and autocratic manner by politicians, activists, and journalists. In February 2020, Bukele ordered 40 soldiers into the Legislative Assembly building to intimidate lawmakers to approve a US$109 million loan for the Territorial Control Plan. In May 2021, after Nuevas Ideas won a supermajority in the Legislative Assembly in that year's legislative election, Bukele's allies in the legislature voted to remove the attorney general and all five justices of the Supreme Court's Constitutional Chamber. Bukele has responded to accusations of authoritarianism made against him by ironically making his Twitter bio display phrases such as "the coolest dictator in the world" and "Philosopher King". Before his presidency, Bukele considered himself to be a part of the "radical left", but since becoming president, he has not identified with any political ideology. During Bukele's presidency, political analysts have described him as a populist and a conservative.

Early life[edit]

Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez was born on 24 July 1981 in San Salvador, El Salvador.^[2] His father was Armando Bukele Kattán, a businessman and industrial chemist,^[3][4] and his mother is Olga Marina Ortez; Bukele's father died in 2015.^[5] Bukele was the couple's first child. He has three younger brothers: Karim, Yusef, and Ibrajim. He also has four half-sisters and two half-brothers from his father's side of the family.^[2][6] Bukele's father converted to Islam from Christianity in the 1980s, became an imam, and founded four mosques in El Salvador;^[4] Bukele's mother is a Roman Catholic.^[5] Bukele's paternal grandparents were Palestinian Christians who immigrated to El Salvador from Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the 1921; Bukele's paternal grandfather was a Greek Orthodox and his maternal grandmother was a Roman Catholic.^[3]

Bukele completed his secondary education from the Escuela Panamericana in 1999 at the age of 18. He enrolled at the Central American University in San Salvador to study judicial sciences with aspirations to become a lawyer,^[4][5] but he dropped out to work for the Nölck advertising agency, one of his father's businesses.^[7] Nölck campaigned for the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a left-wing Salvadoran political party.^[8] Bukele owned Yamaha Motors El Salvador, a company that sells and distributes Yamaha products in El Salvador.^[9] In 1999, Bukele founded Obermet, S.A. de C.V. (also known as 4am Saatchi & Saatchi El Salvador), a marketing company. He served as its director and president of until 2012.^[7][10] This company ran political advertising for the FMLN presidential campaigns of Schafik Hándal in 2004 and Mauricio Funes in 2009.^{[5][11]: 239} Bukele described himself as a "businessman with a great future" ("empresario con gran futuro").^[8]

Early political career[edit]

Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán[edit]

In 2011, Bukele announced that he would enter politics as a member of the FMLN.^[5] He stated that his reason for doing so was to get out of "his comfort zone" ("su zona de confort") as a businessman.^[8] Bukele officially joined the FMLN in 2012^[12] and campaigned to be elected as the mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán, a municipality in the department of La Libertad which is a part of the San Salvador metropolitan area. Bukele's campaign was supported by the Democratic Change political party.^[5] On 11 March 2012, Bukele was elected as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán with 51.67 percent of the vote. He defeated Tomás Rodríguez of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), who was his primary challenger.^[13] Bukele took office on 1 May 2012^[5] becoming the country's youngest mayor.^[8]

As mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán, Bukele created a scholarship program for youths in the municipality;^[5] he donated his salary of US$2,000 to fund the program.^[9] On 27 August 2014, Bukele launched Sphere PM, a project which launched a high-altitude balloon to an altitude of 100,000 feet (30,000 m) and took pictures of various parts of El Salvador.^[14] Bukele stated that the goal of Sphere PM was to promote education in science and technology in order to prevent the municipality's youth from turning to crime.^[15] On 31 November 2014, Bukele spoke at the United Nations headquarters to discuss the projects he had undertaken up to that point as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán as a part of World Cities Day.^[16] On 21 January 2015, Bukele inaugurated a new boulevard which connected Nuevo Cuscatlán with Huizúcar and Antiguo Cuscatlán; its construction cost US$1.7 million.^[17] Bukele performed much of his works as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán with funding from ALBA Petróleos, an association owned by the Venezuelan oil company PDVSA.^[11]: 239

Mayor of San Salvador[edit]

In August 2014, Bukele announced that he would seek election as mayor of San Salvador in the upcoming 2015 elections.^[5] His candidacy was confirmed by FMLN Secretary-General Medardo González on 19 August 2014.^[18] Bukele delegated administration of Nuevo Cuscatlán to Michelle Sol, a council member, on 10 February 2015 in order to focus on his electoral campaign.^[19] During Bukele's electoral campaign, which was supported by the Salvadoran Progressive Party [es], FMLN party leadership called him the party's "crown jewel" ("joya de la corona"). Bukele's campaign utilized catchphrases such as "we have to change history" ("tenemos que cambiar la historia") and "together we will come out ahead" ("juntos saldremos adelante") to rally support among young voters. Bukele's primary opponent was Edwin Zamora, a businessman and a then-incumbent deputy of the Legislative Assembly from ARENA. Bukele led Zamora in opinion polls prior to the municipal election.^[8] On 1 March 2015, Bukele defeated Zamora with 50.38 percent of the vote; he assumed office on 1 May 2015.^[5] Upon assuming office, Bukele appointed one of his cousins, Hassan, and one of his half-brothers, Yamil, in administrative positions on the San Salvador municipal council. These appointments were criticized by politicians from both ARENA and the FMLN.^[20]

As mayor, Bukele began his "reordering" ("reordenamiento") plan to revitalize the city's historic downtown and combat crime in the city.^[21] On the day Bukele assumed office, he reverted the names of two streets in San Salvador: Calle Mayor Roberto D'Aubuisson and Boulevard Coronel José Arturo Castellanos. Bukele renamed the former to Calle San Antonio Abad and the latter to Boulevard Venezuela, both names which were changed by Bukele's predecessor as mayor, Norman Quijano. Zamora, who had become a member of San Salvador's municipal council, explained that the names were reverted to due supposed flaws in the initial renaming process.^[22] Zamora assured that another street would be named in honor of Castellanos, who provided fake Salvadoran passports to 40,000 Central European Jews to help them escape the Holocaust during World War II;^[20] Bukele eventually did inaugurate the renaming of 89 Avenida Norte to honor Castellanos in June 2016.^[23]

In December 2016, Bukele inaugurated the Cuscatlán Market to incentivize street vendors to relocate their businesses.^[24] Despite the market's inauguration, many vendors expressed their refusal to relocate^[21] and some accused him of negotiating with gangs to organize its construction as it was located in gang-controlled territory.^[5] In January 2016, Bukele initiated his "San Salvador 100% Illuminated" campaign to "have a light on every corner of San Salvador" in an effort to combat crime in the city; the campaign was completed by May 2016.^[21] Bukele also installed video surveillance cameras in parts of San Salvador which were severely affected by crime.^[5] In October 2017, Bukele inaugurated the renovated Gerardo Barrios Plaza in historic downtown.^[25] In April 2018, he inaugurated the new Lineal Plaza, also in historic downtown.^[26]

Like in Nuevo Cuscatlán, Bukele created a scholarship program—known as the Dalton Project—for youths in San Salvador to prevent them from joining gangs.^[5] He donated his salary to fund the scholarship program.^[7] He also created the My New School project to modernize San Salvador's primary schools.^[5] In November 2015, Bukele signed an agreement with the Spanish National League of Professional Football to promote sports among San Salvador's youth.^[27]

In May 2015, Bukele signed an act with José Blandón, the mayor of Panama City, to establish a sister city relationship between San Salvador and Panama City.^[28] In September 2016, Bukele visited Washington, D.C. and met with Muriel Bowser, the city's mayor, to discuss the implementation of city development projects. During his visit, he was given the keys to the city of Gaithersburg, Maryland and 11 September was designated as the "Day of Mayor Nayib Bukele" ("Día del alcalde Nayib Bukele").^[29] In February 2017, Bukele visited Taipei, Taiwan and met with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen to "enhance" the sister city relationship between San Salvador and Taipei.^[30] In February 2018, Bukele attended the 32nd International Mayors Conference in Jerusalem.^[3] While in Jerusalem, Bukele prayed at the Western Wall.^[31]

"Troll Center" case[edit]

In January 2016, the El Diario de Hoy and La Prensa Gráfica newspapers reported that the Búnker digital programming company had created mirror sites of the two newspapers in June 2015 and posted false information in an attempt to damage both newspapers' reputations. The newspapers described the incident as a cyberattack. In a subsequent investigation conducted by the office of the attorney general (FGR), Bukele allegedly instructed a Twitter user to create the mirror sites. Bukele denied all involvement with the creation of the mirror sites.^[32][33] The incident became known as the "Troll Center" case.^[32] Five individuals were charged in relation to the Troll Center case, but the charges were dropped in December 2017.^[34]

On 4 July 2017, Bukele sued La Prensa Gráfica for US$6 million alleging that the newspaper had defamed and slandered him in the newspaper's reporting of the 2015 cyberattacks against it by "falsely" ("falsamente") connecting him to the Troll Center case and that the reporting "damaged [Bukele's] image" ("dañó la imagen del señor alcalde"). Later that month, a court dismissed Bukele's lawsuit, and three further courts all rejected subsequent appeals made by Bukele.^[35] In December 2018, the FGR stated that it had reviewed information which supposedly linked Bukele's cell phone to the June 2015 cyberattacks.^[36]

Expulsion from the FMLN[edit]

Bukele's relationship with the FMLN began to deteriorate after he became mayor of San Salvador.^[37] Bukele clashed with other party members on Twitter^[5] and frequently resisted FMLN party leadership.^[11]: 239 He was also a strong critic of Salvador Sánchez Cerén, the FMLN president of El Salvador who was elected in 2014.^[37] In 2015, Bukele openly threatened to leave the party if the government–led by the FMLN at the time—reappointed Luis Martínez as the country's attorney general, whom he described as "a gangster, very corrupt, [and] the worst of the worst". The FMLN relented and replaced Martínez, however, Bukele later admitted that his threat to leave the party "was a bluff".^[21]

In September 2017, Xóchitl Marchelli, a municipal syndicate of San Salvador from the FMLN, alleged that Bukele had thrown an apple at her, supposedly calling her a "damn traitor" ("maldita traidora") and a "witch" ("bruja") in the process.^[38] Bukele did not attend a party ethics tribunal hearing on 7 October 2017 FMLN Ethics Tribunal claiming that the ethics tribunal was biased in favor of Marchelli.^[39] On 10 October 2017, Bukele was expelled from the FMLN after the ethics tribunal determined that he had engaged in "defamatory acts" ("actos difamatorios" against the party, showed "disrespect" ("irrespeto") towards the women's rights and the party's statutes, and expressed "disqualifying comments" ("comentarios descalificadores") towards party members.^[40] Marchelli sued Bukele through the Specialized Investigative Court regarding the incident, but sent a letter to the court in October 2018 stating that she would no longer pursue the matter citing health reasons.^[41] Regardless of Marchelli's withdrawal, the FGR proceeded with the case. On 29 March 2019, the Specialized Sentencing Court acquitted Bukele.^[42]

In the 2018 legislative and municipal elections, in which Bukele was favored to win re-election before being expelled from the FMLN,^[12] the FMLN suffered its worst electoral performance since the 1994 election (the first election the party ever participated in). The FMLN lost 6 seats in the Legislative Assembly and 16 municipalities.^[43] During the election, Bukele called on his supporters nationwide to spoil their vote or stay home on election day rather than support the FMLN.^[44] In February 2019, FMLN presidential communications secretary Roberto Lorenzana admitted that Bukele's expulsion from the party was a mistake and resulted in the party losing votes.^[45]

2019 presidential election[edit]

Bukele's popularity as mayor of San Salvador led some journalists to believe that Bukele would run for president during the 2019 election,^[11]: 239 however, Bukele denied that he would.^[21] Bukele eventually expressed interest in running for president with the FMLN, however, the FMLN resisted and did not even want to consider him as the party's vice presidential nominee. After Bukele was expelled from the FMLN, he utilized the situation to claim on social media that the party had purged him.^{[11]: 240–241} He portrayed himself as an independent politician who rejected the country's political system.^[12]

On 15 October 2017, Bukele officially announced his intention to run for president in 2019 and that he would form a new political movement.^[46] On 25 October 2017, he established the Nuevas Ideas political party, announcing the establishment on social media. He stated that Nuevas Ideas would seek to remove ARENA and the FMLN from their established power.^[47] Throughout his presidential campaign, Bukele and a network of YouTubers, bloggers, and internet trolls attacked both ARENA and the FMLN seeking to discredit them.^[11]: 242 Bukele sought to associate the two parties with the governments of previous presidents which were marred with corruption scandals. In the process, he utilized slogans such as "there's enough money when nobody steals" and "return what was stolen".^[37] Among Bukele's campaign promises included the creation of an international commission to combat corruption, the development of a trans-national railroad and a new airport, create job opportunities for Salvadorans, and reduce crime rates.^[48][49]

In order for Bukele to run for president with Nuevas Ideas, he had to get the party registered with the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE).^[50] Although Nuevas Ideas surpassed the number of signatures required to register the party,^[51] Bukele believed that the TSE would not register the party in time before the 29 July 2018 deadline to acquire a presidential nomination with a political party. Prior to the deadline, Bukele registered as a member of Democratic Change and sought the party's presidential nomination, however, the TSE canceled the party's registration four days before the deadline citing the fact that Democratic Change failed to receive more than 50,000 votes during the 2015 legislative elections. On 29 July 2018, Bukele registered with the Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA)—a right-wing political party—and acquired the party's presidential nomination. Bukele selected Félix Ulloa, a lawyer, as his vice presidential pick.^[5][52]

Bukele used social media extensively throughout his campaign such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to communicate with his supporters.^[53] He did not attend either of the two presidential debates held in December 2018 and January 2019, respectively, despite stating that he would attend. He explained that he did not attend by claiming that the rules of the debates were not explained to him.^[54][55] Bukele was the election's frontrunner,^[53] leading virtually every poll by substantial margins. His four opponents were ARENA's^[b] Carlos Calleja, a businessman who owned the Super Selectos supermarket chain, the FMLN's Hugo Martínez, a former minister of foreign affairs, and Vamos' Josué Alvarado, a businessman.^[48][57] On 3 February 2019, the date of the election, Bukele defeated Calleja, Martínez, and Alvarado with 53.10 percent of the vote. Bukele was the first president candidate to be elected since José Napoleón Duarte (1984–1989) who was not a member of either ARENA or the FMLN.^[53][58]

Presidency[edit]

Bukele was inaugurated as president of El Salvador on 1 June 2019 in front of a crowd of supporters. Bukele held his inauguration ceremony at the National Palace due to its location in the Gerardo Barrios Plaza which he renovated as mayor of San Salvador. He held the ceremony here instead of in the Blue Room (meeting room) of the Legislative Assembly in an effort to portray himself as focusing his presidency towards the country's population. Bukele's supporters booed and insulted the deputies of the Legislative Assembly as they were introduced.^[11]: 244 Bukele announced a cabinet of sixteen people composed of eight men and eight women.^[59]

Homicide rate and crime[edit]

During Bukele's presidential campaign, he promised to bring an end to gang violence in El Salvador.^[49] Prior to his presidency, El Salvador was considered to be one of the most dangerous countries in the world due to gang violence.^[60] Most of El Salvador's violent crimes were committed by MS-13 and the 18th Street gang (Barrio 18). Although both gangs are the country's largest gangs, both originated in Los Angeles in the United States; the former was formed in the 1980s by Salvadoran refugees fleeing the country's civil war, while the latter was formed in the 1960s by Mexican immigrants. Much of the gang violence stemmed from factors such as income inequality, poverty, poor education standards, a lack of job opportunities, and high urbanization rates.^{[61]: 2–3}

El Salvador's homicide rate peaked at 107 homicides per 100,000 people in 2015.^[62] By 2019, the El Salvador's homicide rate had decreased to 38 homicides per 100,000 people, however, it was still one of the world's highest homicide rates.^[63][64] Gangs exerted total control over some parts of El Salvador^[11]: 237 and demanded business owners pay them an extortion tax, referred to as renta, under threat of violence.^[21] In early-2019, there were an estimated 67,000 gang members in El Salvador.^[49]

Territorial Control Plan[edit]

On 19 June 2019, Bukele announced that his government would implement a seven-phase security plan known as the Territorial Control Plan which sought to disrupt gang finances.^[65] The Territorial Control Plan began that night at midnight.^[66] Phase one, known as "preparation", called for members of the country's security forces—the Armed Forces of El Salvador (FAES) and the National Civil Police (PNC)—to be stationed in 12 of the country's 262 municipalities at locations where gangs were known to collect extortion taxes.^[67] The government also implemented a temporary state of emergency in the country's 28 prisons, putting them on lockdown and revoking visiting rights.^[68]

As a result of his Territorial Control Plan ^{[according to whom?]}, El Salvador's homicide rate fell from 52 homicides per 100,000 people in 2018, the highest in the world at the time,^[69] to 36 homicides per 100,000 people in 2019.^[70][71] In 2020, the homicide rate fell to 19.7 homicides per 100,000 people, and by 2021, it decreased again to 17.6 homicides per 100,000 people.^[72][73] InSight Crime referred the homicide rate of 2021 as "unimaginable",^[73] as, only six years prior in 2015, the homicide rate was 103 homicides per 100,000 people.^[74] In January 2023, Minister of Defense René Merino Monroy announced that the government registered 496 homicides in 2022, a 56.8 percent decrease from 1,147 homicides in 2021. He attributed the decrease in homicides on the gang crackdown,^[75] but official homicide figures excluded bodies found in clandestine mass graves, potentially skewing the numbers. The number of missing persons, which has risen steadily since 2018 and throughout his presidency, exceeds the number of homicides, further putting the amount of reduction of murders into question.^[76][77] On the other hand, crime rates in El Salvador were already decreasing before his presidency, with the homicide rate per 100,000 inhabitants falling from 103 in 2015 to 52 in 2018.^[78]

Alleged gang negotiations[edit]

In July 2020, the International Crisis Group (ICG) published an analysis which alleged that the reason for the decrease in homicides during Bukele's first year in office could have been a result of "quiet, informal understandings" between the government and the gangs. The Salvadoran government denied the ICG's allegations, and the ICG itself admitted that it had no evidence to support this claim.^[80]

In September 2020, the Salvadoran digital newspaper El Faro accused Bukele's government of having engaged in secret negotiations with MS-13. El Faro alleged that the government agreed to grant MS-13 more freedoms in prison in exchange for the gang reducing the number of homicides it would commit and support Nuevas Ideas during the upcoming 2021 legislative elections.^[81] Bukele denied El Faro's allegations. He published photos on Twitter of gang members rounded up in cramped conditions from a prison crackdown in April 2020 in an effort to discredit the allegations.^[82] Bukele subsequently launched an investigation into El Faro on suspicions of money laundering as a direct response to the digital newspaper's allegations.^[83]

On 8 December 2021, the United States Department of the Treasury accused Bukele's government of secretly negotiating with MS-13 and Barrio 18 to lower the country's homicide rate. The department claimed that Bukele's government had "provided financial incentives" to both gangs to ensure that they would reduce the country's homicide rate and support Nuevas Ideas in the 2021 election held earlier that year, similar to El Faro's allegations the year prior.^[84][85] The department sanctioned Osiris Luna Meza (the general director of penal centers and vice minister of justice) and Carlos Marroquín Chica (the chairman of the Social Fabric Reconstruction Unit) for allegedly repeatedly negotiated with the gangs.^[79] Bukele denied the department's accusations, stating that the United States sought "absolute submission" from El Salvador instead of cooperation.^[85]

Gang crackdown[edit]

From 25 to 27 March 2022, gangs in El Salvador committed a total of 87 homicides;^[86][87] 62 of those homicides occurring on 26 March alone, making it the deadliest day in Salvadoran history since the end of the civil war.^[88] José Miguel Cruz, the research director at Florida International University, attributed the series of killings to a breakdown between a secret truce between the government and the gangs, a truce which Bukele denies. Cruz believed that the killings were the gangs sending a message to the government in order to receive better concessions as a part of the secret truce.^[89]

On 27 March 2022, the Legislative Assembly voted to declare a 30-day state of emergency, formally referred to as a "state of exception" ("régimen de excepción")^[92] and sometimes known as the "war on gangs".^[93] The state of emergency suspended some constitutional rights, including freedom of assembly, freedom of association, the right to privacy in communication, to be informed of the reason for an arrest, to remain silent, and to legal representation. The requirement for any arrested individual to see a judge within 72 hours of arrest was also suspended.^[90] The military was mobilized to neighborhoods controlled by gangs in an effort to reassert government control^[88] and proceeded to initiate large-scale arrests of suspected gang members across the country.^[90] The state of exception has since been extended 24 times by the Legislative Assembly.^[94] In some instances, Bukele ordered the security forces to implement blockades of certain municipalities in an effort to capture all gang members present within them. As of March 2024^[update], blockades have been implemented in Apopa,^[95] Cabañas,^[96] Comasagua,^[97] Nuevo Concepción,^[98] southern Chalatenango,^[99] and Soyapango.^[100]

Bukele has threatened incarcerated gang members. Upon the beginning of the crackdown, Bukele posted on Twitter that the government had seized incarcerated gang members' belonging, removed their mattresses, and rationed how much food they would receive.^[89][90] He also published a video showing prisoners sleeping on floors and complaining about a lack of food and sanitation.^[101] In April 2022, Bukele threatened to deprive them of food rations entirely if the gangs attempted to retaliate against the crackdown, claiming that there were rumors that the gangs would commit revenge killings.^[102] After members of Barrio 18 killed three police officers in Santa Ana in June 2022, Bukele stated in a press conference that the gangs were "going to pay dearly" for the "ambush" against the police.^[103] In November 2022, the government began destroying gravestones belonging to deceased gang members to prevent them from becoming "shrines",^[104] and Bukele compared this to denazification in post-World War II Germany.^[105] Bukele warned Salvadoran parents to keep their children away from involvement with gangs as it would lead to "prison or death".^[101][106]

Shortly after the crackdown began, Bukele called for the construction of a new prison to hold 20,000 prisoners.^[102] In July 2022, Bukele officially announced the construction of a new prison which will be able to hold 40,000 prisoners, making it one of the largest prisons in the world.^[107] The prison, known as the Terrorism Confinement Center (CECOT) and located in Tecoluca, was opened on 31 January 2023. Bukele, together with his Security Cabinet, presented the prison with punishment cells, factories for workshops, access control with a full body scanner and a scanner for packages. The prison is staffed by 250 police officers, 600 soldiers, and covers 410 acres of land.^[108]

Liz Throssell, a spokeswoman of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), called the actions of the police and army as resorting to an "unnecessary and excessive use of force".^[109] In early-May 2022, Human Rights Watch claimed that there was "mounting evidence" and "credible allegations" that Salvadoran authorities were committing human rights violations, such as arbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances, and deaths in police custody, throughout the state of emergency.^[110] In early June 2022, Amnesty International stated that the government has committed "massive human rights violations", including torture, against those incarcerated,^[111] and stating that 2 percent of the country's population have been incarcerated and that there have been 18 deaths in custody.^[112] Groups which advocate for freedom of the press were "alarmed" when the Legislative Assembly authorized prison sentences of 10 to 15 years to news media which spreads messages from the gangs.^[113]

As of 2 April 2024^[update], a total of 79,184 suspected gang members have been arrested.^[114] The large scale arrests increased El Salvador's prison population from 37,190 in 2020 to over 105,000 as of December 2023^[update]. With 1.7 percent of the country's population incarcerate, El Salvador has the highest incarceration rate in the world.^[115][116] As of August 2023^[update], more than 7,000 people have been released after the government determined that they were innocent.^[115] As of April 2024^[update], at least 241 people have died while in custody according to the Humanitarian Legal Relief non-governmental organization.^[117] According to opinion polling conducted multiple polling firms between May 2022 and June 2023, around 80 to 90 percent of Salvadorans approved of the gang crackdown and the measures the government had taken against the gangs.^[118]

Political crises[edit]

In February 2020, Bukele wanted to secure a 109 million dollar loan from the United States to go to increase funding for the Territorial Control Plan.^[120][121] His plan was opposed by the ARENA and the FMLN, citing that his previous policies regarding law enforcement had increased militarization of the National Civil Police^[122] Bukele rallied supporters to call upon the opposition to approve the loan, and on 6 February 2020, Bukele invoked article 167 of the Constitution of El Salvador, calling on the Council of Ministers to convene in the Legislative Assembly on 9 February 2020.^[123][124] When the meeting was supposed to occur, Bukele ordered soldiers into the Legislative Assembly to intimidate legislators to approve the loan.^{[125][126][127]} The incident, known in El Salvador as 9F,^[128] was condemned by the opposition as an attempted self-coup and the Supreme Court of Justice prohibited Bukele from exercising powers not granted in the constitution.^[129][130]

Bukele's Nuevas Ideas won a majority of the seats in the Legislative Assembly in the 2021 legislative elections, and on 1 May 2021, Nuevas Ideas made a coalition with three other political parties, gaining control of two thirds of the legislature.^[131] Later the same day, the Legislative Assembly voted to remove the five justices of the Supreme Court's constitutional court and Raúl Melara, El Salvador's attorney general.^[132] The event has been condemned as a self-coup by opposition politicians, accusing Bukele and Nuevas Ideas of committing a power grab.^{[132][133][134]} The incident was condemned by the United States and has been cited as an instance of democratic backsliding.^{[135][136][137]} Melara was investigating 17 cases of alleged corruption in acquisitions during the COVID-19 pandemic by the Bukele administration.^[138]

COVID-19 pandemic[edit]

On 11 March 2020, Bukele issued an executive decree declaring a "quarantine throughout the national territory" ("cuarentena en todo el territorio nacional") shortly after Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director general of the World Health Organization (WHO), declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic. This quarantine suspended all school activities for 21 days, prohibited foreigners from entering the country, and mandated a 30-day quarantine for everyone who enters the country.^[139] Bukele confirmed the first case of COVID-19 in El Salvador on 18 March 2020.^[140] The country's first death to the disease was recorded on 31 March 2020.^[141] On 5 May 2023, the Pan American Health Organization declared an end to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[142] As of 27 September 2023^[update], El Salvador had 201,807 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 4,230 deaths as a result of the disease according to the WHO. As of 2 June 2023^[update], 11,426,688 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine had been administered according to the WHO.^[143]

On 21 March 2020, Bukele instated a 30-day nationwide lockdown in an effort to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, 4,236 people were arrested by the National Civil Police for allegedly violating the lockdown order, 70 of whom were arrested prior to the lockdown order becoming public. Those arrested were quarantined in a "containment center". Human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch criticized the arrests, citing that there were instances of arbitrary arrests and police abuses.^[144] In April 2020, when ordered lockdowns in the country's prisons and published images of prisoners lined up in cramped positions, Human Rights Watch criticized the prisons' living conditions as "inhumane", especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.^[145]

On 27 May 2020, the United States donated 250 ventilators to El Salvador. During the press conference where Bukele received the ventilators, he stated that he took hydroxychloroquine as prophylaxis. He claimed that "most of the world's leaders use [hydroxychloroquine] as a prophylaxis".^[146] On 22 June 2020, Bukele inaugurated the Hospital El Salvador, the largest hospital in Latin America used exclusively for treating cases of COVID-19, on the site of the former International Center for Fairs and Conventions [es]. Hospital El Salvador had a capacity of 400 beds, 105 intensive care units, and 295 intermediate care units staffed by 240 doctors.^[147] In August 2020, the hospital's bed capacity was increased by 575.^[148] The hospital began treating conditions over than COVID-19 by June 2022.^[149] In April 2021, Bukele inaugurated a vaccination center at Hospital El Salvador to administer up to 10,000 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine per day;^[150] the center closed in August 2022 as dose administrations diminished.^[151]

Most of El Salvador's COVID-19 vaccines were donated by the United States and China.^[152][153] On 13 May 2021, Bukele donated 34,000 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to seven towns in Honduras following pleas from their mayors for vaccine doses.^[154] At the time, El Salvador had received 1.9 million doses, while Honduras had only received 59,000.^[155] Gabriel Labrador, a journalist for El Faro, told the Spanish newspaper El País that Bukele made the donation to Honduras in an effort to promote and improve his public perception across Central America.^[154]

Adoption of bitcoin[edit]

On 5 June 2021, Bukele announced at the Bitcoin 2021 conference that he would introduce a bill to the Legislative Assembly which would allow the usage of the cryptocurrency bitcoin as legal tender, claiming that it would "generate jobs" and promote "financial inclusion" in the short term.^[156] The Legislative Assembly approved the bill on 8 June 2021.^[157] While the World Bank rejected a request from the Salvadoran government to assist it with the implementation of bitcoin as legal tender, citing concerns over transparency and the environmental effects of bitcoin mining,^[158] Athena Bitcoin announced that it would invest US$1 million into installing 1,500 bitcoin ATMs. This would allow users to exchange U.S. dollars for bitcoin and vice versa.^[159]

On 7 September 2021, bitcoin officially became legal tender in El Salvador,^[160] which became the first country to do so.^[161] Bitcoin became legal tender alongside the United States dollar, which had been adopted in 2001 after replacing the Salvadoran colón.^[162] The day bitcoin became legal tender in El Salvador, its price fell from US$52,000 per bitcoin to under US$43,000. Additionally, Apple and Huawei were not offering Chivo, Salvadoran government-backed digital wallet, on their platforms. Around 1,000 protesters marched in the streets of San Salvador to express their opposition to the country's adoption of bitcoin.^[163]

The day before bitcoin officially became legal tender, Bukele announced that the Salvadoran government had bought its first 200 bitcoins.^[164] Bukele continued to buy more bitcoins as its price declined throughout 2021 and 2022, during which, El Salvador lost up to US$56 million by June 2022.^{[165][166][167]} Economist Steve Hanke stated that El Salvador had "the most distressed sovereign debt in the world" due to its adoption of bitcoin,^[168] and other economists predicted that the country would likely default on its debt.^[169] As the price of bitcoin rose to US$44,000 in December 2023, Bukele announced that El Salvador's investment into bitcoin had broken even.^[170] In March 2024, Bukele revealed that El Salvador had made a 50% in profit off of bitcoin. Bukele mocked news media outlets on Twitter by claiming that there were "literally thousands of articles" about El Salvador's bitcoin losses and that those same outlets were now "totally silent". As of March 2024^[update], the Salvadoran government has 2,380 bitcoins.^[171]

In November 2021, Bukele announced that he planned to build Bitcoin City in the southeastern region of La Unión at the base of the Conchagua volcano. The city would use geothermal energy to power bitcoin mining.^[172] Ricardo Navarro, the head of the El Salvadoran Center of Appropriate Technology, criticized the plan and claimed that it would result in an "environmental disaster".^[173] Bukele published images of models of Bitcoin City and its planned airport on Twitter in May 2022 and claimed that the city would have "no income tax, zero property tax, no procurement tax, zero city tax, and zero CO2 emissions".^[174] In December 2023, the Legislative Assembly passed a law which allowed individuals to purchase Salvadoran citizenship by donating bitcoins to El Salvador.^[175]

Foreign policy[edit]

Bukele considers Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, and former Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández to be dictators.^[176] Bukele refused to recognize the presidency of Manuel Merino in Peru in November 2020, describing his government as "putschist".^[177] Bukele and the Legislative Assembly denounced the results of the 2021 Nicaraguan general election, which were widely been seen by several governments as fraudulent.^[178] From 2022 onwards, Bukele's government has abstained from resolutions critical of Nicaragua at the Organization of American States citing "non-interference" ("no injerencia").^[179]

Bukele served as the president pro tempore of the Central American Integration System (SICA), a Central American economic and political organization, from 5 June 2019 and 22 December 2019.^{[180][181][182]}

On 15 June 2019, Bukele withdrew El Salvador's recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in favor of improved relations with Morocco.^[183]

In February 2022, Bukele accused United States President Joe Biden of "crying wolf" regarding a potential Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[184] Bukele did not comment on the invasion once it began later that month, instead, he posted on Twitter about bitcoin and bonds.^[185] Throughout 2022, El Salvador abstained from votes on United Nations resolutions condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[186] Bukele condemned the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. He described Hamas as "savage beasts" that "do not represent the Palestinians" and compared Hamas to MS-13. He wrote on Twitter that "the best thing that could happen to the Palestinian people is for Hamas to completely disappear".^[187]

Relations with the United States[edit]

Bukele met with U.S. President Donald Trump on 26 September 2019 in Washington, D.C., where he called on Trump to promote legal migration in an effort to combat illegal immigration, and to maintain the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) policy for Salvadorans living in the United States.^[188] He later confirmed on 28 October 2019 that the United States was continuing TPS for Salvadorans.^[189]

In June 2019, Bukele stated that his government would no longer recognize Maduro as the president of Venezuela, instead, recognizing Juan Guaidó as Venezuela's legitimate president amidst Venezuela's presidential crisis.^[190] The action was welcomed by Ronald D. Johnson, the United States' ambassador to El Salvador.^[190] On 3 November 2019, he expelled Venezuelan diplomats, who were appointed by Maduro, from El Salvador.^[190] Bukele showed his displeasure when the United States spoke with Maduro in March 2022, accusing the United States of "deciding who is bad and who is good and also when the bad becomes good and the good becomes bad".^[191]

Biden refused to meet Bukele in February 2021 when Bukele arrived in Washington, D.C. intending to meet Biden.^[192] Bukele did not attend the 9th Summit of the Americas of June 2022 due to frustrations over the U.S. government's allegations of corruption and human rights abuses committed by his government.^[193] After the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) executed a search warrant of former President Trump's home on 8 August 2022, Bukele criticized the FBI, asking on Twitter, "What would the US Government say, if OUR police raided the house of one of the main possible contenders of OUR 2024 presidential election?"^[194]

Norma Torres, a U.S. congresswoman representing California's 35th congressional district, has been a critic of Bukele and his administration since the two of them engaged in an argument on Twitter regarding the U.S. migrant crisis on the southern border.^[195] She stated that she "sleeps with a gun nearby" after her social media accounts were sent "hateful messages" and images of Bukele as a result of their argument.^[196] On 10 November 2022, after the 2022 elections for the 35th congressional district, Torres accused Bukele of interfering in the election for endorsing Republican challenger Mike Cargile.^[197]

Relations with China[edit]

Before becoming president, Bukele accused China of meddling in Latin American politics, especially after El Salvador withdrew recognition of Taiwan. In 2018, however, Félix Ulloa, Bukele's vice president, has stated that El Salvador would not restore relations with Taiwan.^[198] In December 2019, Bukele signed a "gigantic" infrastructure agreement with China for an unknown amount.^[198] Bukele met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in China in December 2019.^[199]

On 9 November 2022, Bukele announced that El Salvador and China had entered negotiations for a free trade agreement between the two countries. China donated fertilizer and wheat flour to El Salvador, and according to a Salvadoran government official, China also offered to buy El Salvador's external bond debt.^[200]

Other bilateral relations[edit]

Other world leaders Bukele has met with include Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in November 2019,^[201] Guatemalan President Alejandro Giammattei in January 2020,^[202] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in January 2022,^[203] and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in May 2022.^[204] Additionally, Bukele met Hamad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Kawari, the Qatari minister of state, on the day of his inauguration on 1 June 2019,^[205] and Saad Sherida al-Kaabi, the Qatari minister of energy, in Qatar in December 2019.^[206] Bukele met Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the emir of Qatar, in El Salvador on 13 September 2023.^[207]

Infrastructure[edit]

Bukele promised to sanction bus carriers that increase the rates established by law. Elements of the Police were deployed in different parts of the country to guarantee compliance with the regulations.^[208][209] During his presidential campaign, Bukele proposed the construction of a new airport in the east of the country to relieve congestion from El Salvador International Airport and bring an economic boost to the country's east.^[210] On 26 April 2022, the Legislative Assembly passed a law to begin construction of the Airport of the Pacific and the Train of the Pacific. The new rail network will be 332 miles (535 kilometers) long, and the new airport will be 126,530 square feet (11,755 square meters) in size in La Unión.^[211]

Accusations of corruption in government[edit]

In November 2020, twenty of Bukele's government institutions came under investigation by the office of the attorney general on suspicions of corruption relating to the COVID-19 pandemic,^[212] however, the investigations were halted after the attorney general was removed by the Legislative Assembly on 1 May 2021.^[213]

The United States has placed sanctions on several of Bukele's government officials, labeling them as being corrupt. Those officials include Javier Argueta (presidential advisor), Osiris Luna Meza (general director of penal centers), Carlos Marroquín Chica (chairman of the Social Fabric Reconstruction Unit), Martha Carolina Recinos (chief of the cabinet), Rogelio Rivas (former minister of justice), Ernesto Sanabria (press secretary), and Alejandro Zelaya (former minister of finance).^{[214][215][216]} The United States also considered some of Bukele's allies in the Legislative Assembly, such as Guillermo Gallegos and Christian Guevara, as being corrupt.^[214][217] Some of these individuals are included on the U.S. State Department's "Engel List", a list of Central American politicians and judges whom the U.S. government considers to be "corrupt and undemocratic".^[218] Bukele described the sanctions and labels as "absurd".^[215] In May 2021, the United States diverted funding to El Salvador away from government institutions and instead towards civil society groups in an effort to combat perceived corruption in Bukele's government.^[219]

On 11 November 2021, Bukele introduced a bill to the Legislative Assembly called the "Foreign Agents Law" with the goal of "prohibiting foreign interference" in Salvadoran political affairs.^[178] Juan Carlos Bidegain, the Minister of the Interior, stated that the law was meant to "guarantee the security, national sovereignty and social and political stability of the country".^[178] Bukele stated that the law was modeled on the United States' Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), but critics have compared it to various Nicaraguan laws which institute press censorship by shutting down organizations and arresting journalists.^[178] Human Rights Watch reported on 16 December 2021 that 91 Twitter accounts belonging to journalists, lawyers, and activists were blocked by Bukele and various government institutions.^[220]

Anti-corruption campaigns[edit]

In September 2019, Bukele established the International Commission Against Impunity in El Salvador [es] (CICIES), an anti-corruption commission to combat drug trafficking, corruption, and white-collar crimes. CICIES was jointly operated by the Salvadoran government and the Organization of American States (OAS), and it cooperated with the National Civil Police to form an anti-corruption unit.^[221] Bukele dissolved CICIES in June 2021 after the OAS named Ernesto Muyshondt as an anti-corruption advisor;^[222] Ernesto Muyshondt was accused by the Salvadoran government of electoral fraud and illicit negotiation with gang members to vote for ARENA during the 2014 presidential election. He was subsequently arrested^[223] and will go on trial in April 2024 despite ongoing concerns about his health.^[224]

On 1 June 2023, during a speech celebrating his fourth year in office, Bukele declared that his government would begin a "war against corruption" ("guerra contra la corrupción").^[225] Bukele also announced that he would build a prison to hold individuals convicted of committing white-collar crimes similar to the Terrorism Confinement Center.^[226] He stated that the police and military would capture white-collar criminals similar to how they capture gang members in the gang crackdown.^[225] During Bukele's announcement, he stated that Attorney General Rodolfo Delgado was in the process of raiding and confiscating assets worth up to US$68 million belonging to former Salvadoran President Alfredo Cristiani as a part of the anti-corruption campaign.^[227] Other individuals charged during Bukele's war on corruption include deputies Erick García,^[228] Lorena Peña,^[229] and Alberto Romero,^[230] and national security advisor Alejandro Muyshondt.^[231]

In 2022, the last complete year before the war against corruption was announced, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index gave El Salvador a score of 33 out of 100 and ranked it 116th out of 180 countries.^[232] According to an opinion poll conducted by CID-Gallup in February 2023, only 4 percent of Salvadorans considered corruption to be the most pressing issue facing the country.^[233]

Municipal and legislative reductions[edit]

On 1 June 2023 during a speech celebrating his fourth year in office, Bukele issued a proposal to the Legislative Assembly to reduce the number of municipalities from 262 to 44 and the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 60.^[234] On 7 June 2023, the Legislative Assembly passed his approval to reduce the seats in the Legislative Assembly.^[235]

2024 re-election campaign[edit]

On 3 September 2021, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that the president is eligible to serve two consecutive terms in office. The ruling overturning a previous 2014 ruling which held that presidents had to wait ten years until being eligible to run for re-election. Constitutional lawyers criticized the ruling, stating that consecutive re-election violates El Salvador's constitution.^[236][237] The 2021 ruling allowed Bukele to run for re-election in the 2024 presidential election. Both ARENA and the FMLN protested the court's ruling. A representative of ARENA calling the ruling a "precursor to a dictatorship" while a representative from the FMLN claimed that the state is serving only one person, in reference to Bukele.^[237] The ruling was also condemned by the United States government. Jean Elizabeth Manes, the chargé d'affaires of the United States to El Salvador, claimed that the ruling was "clearly contrary to the Salvadoran constitution".^[237] According the Manes, the ruling was a direct result of the legislature replacing the judges of the Supreme Court in May 2021.^[238]

External video
Bukele's speech celebrating 201 years independence, where he announces he is running for re-election in 2024 (34:00)

On 15 September 2022, Bukele officially announced that he would be running for re-election in 2024 during a speech celebrating El Salvador's 201st anniversary of independence. Bukele justified his announcement by claiming that "developed countries have re-election, and thanks to the new configuration of the democratic institution of our country, now El Salvador will too".^{[239][240][241]} Constitutional lawyers criticized his announcement, stating that presidential re-election violates "at least" four articles of the El Salvador's constitution.^[242]

On 26 June 2023, Bukele officially registered as a presidential pre-candidate with Nuevas Ideas. Ulloa registered as Bukele's vice presidential pre-candidate.^[243] On 9 July 2023, Nuevas Ideas officially nominated Bukele and Ulloa as their presidential and vice presidential candidates, respectively.^[244][245] On 26 October 2023, Nuevas Ideas officially initiated the process to register Bukele and Ulloa's candidacies with the TSE, the last possible day to do so.^[246] On 3 November 2023, the TSE officially registered their candidacies^[247] amidst various requests made to the TSE by the opposition to reject Bukele's candidacy.^[248]

On 30 November 2023, the Legislative Assembly granted both Bukele and Ulloa leaves of absence to focus on their re-election campaign. The leave of absence, which suspended Bukele's presidential powers, went into effect the following day.^[249] The Legislative Assembly named Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara, Bukele's presidential secretary, as the presidential designate and became the first woman in Salvadoran history to hold presidential powers.^[250] Rodríguez's appointment was criticized by some lawyers and opposition politicians unconstitutional.^{[251][252][253]}

Including Bukele, there were six presidential candidates in the 2024 election.^[254] Bukele's primary opponents were ARENA's Joel Sánchez, a businessman, and the FMLN's Manuel Flores, a former legislator.^[255] Bukele led both Sánchez and Flores by large margins in opinion polling conducted prior to the election.^[256][257] Throughout Bukele's campaign, he promised to maintain the gang crackdown, invest in infrastructure projects, and promote economic growth during his second term.^[255] On 4 February 2024, Bukele won re-election with 84.65 percent of the vote. The final results were announced on 17 February 2024 due to technical issues with electronic voting systems.^[258] During the same election, Nuevas Ideas retained its supermajority in the Legislative Assembly, and together with its allies, it won 43 of the country's 44 municipalities.^[259][260] Several news media outlets described the election results as a "landslide victory" for Bukele and Nuevas Ideas.^[261] On 29 February 2024, the TSE granted Bukele and Ulloa their presidential and vice presidential credentials, respectively.^[262] Bukele's second term is scheduled to begin on 1 June 2024.^[263]

Personal life[edit]

Family[edit]

Bukele married Gabriela Rodríguez, a psychologist and ballet dancer, on 6 December 2014.^[2][8] The couple has two children. The couple's first child, Layla, was born on 15 August 2019;^[264] their second child, Amineah, was born on 8 November 2023.^[265]

Religion[edit]

Bukele's father converted to Islam from Christianity in the 1980s, became an imam, and founded four mosques in El Salvador;^[4] Bukele's mother is a Roman Catholic.^[5] Bukele's paternal grandparents were Palestinian Christians who immigrated to El Salvador from Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the 1921; Bukele's paternal grandfather was a Greek Orthodox and his maternal grandmother was a Roman Catholic.^[3]

Bukele's religious beliefs were a matter of controversy during his 2019 presidential campaign. Conflicting rumors claimed that Bukele was either a Christian, a Muslim, or an atheist.^[266] The controversy began when images from 2011 depicting Bukele praying at a mosque with his father and brothers spread on social media.^[267][268] Bukele dismissed the controversy as an attempt by the political right to exploit Islamophobia in the predominantly Catholic country.^[266]

Bukele does not identify with any religion, however, he has stated that he believes in God and Jesus.^[5][268] In a 2015 interview Bukele said that "I am not a person who believes much in the liturgy of religions. However, I believe in God, in Jesus Christ. I believe in his word, I believe in his word revealed in the Holy Bible. And I know that God does not reject anyone because of their origins".^[3] Prior to 2015, some Salvadorans believed that Bukele was a Muslim.^[269]: 166 Bukele has referenced Bible verses,^[266] God, and Saint Óscar Romero—the archbishop of San Salvador who was assassinated in 1980—in some of his speeches.^{[269]: 166–172} He has also called himself an "instrument of God" ("instrumento de Dios").^[269]: 177 In April 2015, Bukele met with Pope Francis, after which, Bukele assured that the pope had told him that Rutilio Grande—a Jesuit priest who was assassinated in 1977—would be beatified shortly.^[269]: 166

Cultural activities[edit]

Bukele has promoted surfing as a part of El Salvador's tourism market. El Salvador hosted the 2021 and 2023 ISA World Surfing Games.^[270]

In January 2023, Bukele announced that El Salvador would host the Miss Universe 2023. He stated, "I am deeply honored to announce that El Salvador will host the next Miss Universe pageant at the end of this year. El Salvador is a country with great beauty, volcanoes, exquisite coffee and we have become the safest country in Latin America". The last time El Salvador hosted the beauty pageant was in 1975.^[271] At the pageant, Bukele stated that "Miss Universe has given us the opportunity to show the world what we are capable of".^[272]

Political views[edit]

While serving as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán, Bukele described himself as being a part of the "radical left" ("izquierda radical") because he wanted "radical changes" ("cambios radicales") for El Salvador.^[273] Bukele also stated that his family had always had significant connections to the Salvadoran political left. He believed in social justice and that the state was obligated to guarantee Salvadorans the opportunity for "health, education, [and] productive infrastructure" ("salud, educación, [y] infraestructura productiva"). Some members of the FMLN criticized Bukele's occupation as a businessman, believing that it contradicted the "historical goal of the proletariate" ("papel histórico del proletariado") of eliminating capitalism.^[8]

Since becoming president, Bukele has stated that he does not adhere to any specific political ideology. He has criticized both the political left and right in El Salvador for having divided the country after the civil war.^[83] Despite Bukele not personally claiming to adhere to any ideology, some journalists and political analysts have described him as being a populist,^{[274][275][276]} a right-wing populist,^{[119]: 82 [277]: 5 [278]} and a conservative.^[279][280] Bukele himself has received support from conservatives abroad in both Latin America^{[281][282][283][284]} and the United States.^{[282][285][286]} Bukele is a proponent of Central American reunification.^[154] Bukele's political views and government policies have sometimes been referred to by some journalists as "Bukelism"^{[287][288][289]} or the "Bukele method".^[290][291]

Some journalists have compared Bukele to Trump, citing Bukele's style of governance, government policies, rhetoric, and criticism of the press as being similar to Trump's.^{[274][292][293][294]} In 2019, Foreign Policy's Melissa Vida referred to Bukele as "El Salvador's Trump"^[295] and Jacobin's Hilary Goodfriend referred to Bukele as "the Donald Trump of Central America".^[296] In 2024, The Economist described Bukele as politically "hard right" and compared him to Jair Bolsonaro, José Antonio Kast, and Javier Milei.^[297]

Bukele is a critic of George Soros,^[298] who is known for being the subject of conspiracy theories about him among right-wing circles.^[299] In May 2023, Bukele claimed that "in all the countries of Latin America, there are outlets and 'journalists' paid by Soros" ("en todos los países de Latinoamérica hay medios y 'periodistas' pagados por Soros").^[300] In February 2024, Bukele attended the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) as one of its speakers. During Bukele's speech, he criticized Soros and accused him of attempting to "dictate public politics and laws" ("dictar políticas públicas y leyes") in El Salvador.^[301] Bukele also expressed his opposition to globalism, adding that "it's already dead" in El Salvador.^[297]

Social issues[edit]

In 2023, Celia Medrano [es], a human rights lawyer and the former general coordinator of the Commission for the Defense of Human Rights of Central America, described Bukele's positions on social issues as being "flexible" ("flexibles") and a "liquid ideology" ("ideología líquida"). Medrano asserted that Bukele changes his positions in order to appease as many voters as possible and to gauge public opinion on certain issues such as same-sex marriage and abortion.^[302]

In 2014, Bukele stated that he was an ally of the LGBT community, that he supported their cause for civil rights, and that he opposed discrimination against LGBT individuals.^[269]: 167 In August 2021, Bukele proposed a constitutional reform to legalize same-sex marriage in El Salvador. The proposal would have changed text in the constitution which defined marriage as being between "a man and a woman" ("hombre y mujer") to defining marriage as being between "spouses" ("cónyuges"). The proposal also would have prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation. The earliest Bukele's proposal could have gone into effect would have been 2027 as it would have had to be approved by two consecutive sessions of the Legislative Assembly.^[303] The following month, Bukele confirmed that the proposed constitutional reform would not legalize same-sex marriage, stating on Facebook that the original text would remain intact.^[304] In March 2024, Bukele stated that his government would remove "all traces" of "gender ideologies in schools and colleges".^[305][306]

El Salvador has one of the world's strictest abortion laws, banning the practice in all circumstances with no exceptions.^[307] In 2013, when a Salvadoran woman known as "Beatriz" was denied an abortion despite doctors asserting that she would die while giving birth, Bukele labeled individuals who denied her an abortion as "fanatics" ("fanáticos"). In October 2018, Bukele stated that he only supported abortion in cases where the mother's life was at risk. He also expressed his opposition to abortion on request. Shortly after becoming president, Bukele came out in total opposition of abortion in any occasion. In an interview with Puerto Rican rapper René Pérez, Bukele told him that "someday, we are going to recognize that [abortion] is a great genocide" ("algún día, nos vamos a dar cuenta de que es un gran genocidio").^[302] In Bukele's August 2021 constitutional reform proposal, he also considered legalizing abortion in cases where the mother's life was at risk. He stated that the proposal would have recognized the right to life for both the mother and the unborn child.^[303] In September 2021, Bukele changed his mind, maintaining that abortion would not be decriminalized and recognized the "RIGHT TO LIFE (from the moment of conception)" of the unborn. He also ruled out legalizing euthanasia.^[304]

Emigration[edit]

In an interview with VICE News' Krishna Andavolu shortly after Bukele's inauguration, he stated that he "share[s] the same concern President Trump [has with] immigration, but for different reasons. [...] [Trump] doesn't want our people to go; I don't want our people to leave."^[308] In a 2021 interview with Fox News' Tucker Carlson on Tucker Carlson Tonight, Bukele attributed mass emigration from Central America to the United States to the region's "lack of economic opportunity" and "lack of security". He described the then-present state of emigration to the United States as "immoral". He argued that emigration strained the United States and also impeded domestic efforts to improve living conditions in El Salvador.^[309]

Public image[edit]

Bukele has been described by journalists, politicians, and political analysts as an autocrat,^{[297][310][311]} an authoritarian,^{[312][313][314][315]} a strongman,^{[310][316][281]} a caudillo,^{[312][317][318]} and a "millennial dictator".^{[83][319][320]} Through irony of these descriptors, Bukele has referred to himself in his Twitter bio as the "Dictator of El Salvador",^[321] "the coolest dictator in the world"^[322][323] (although news media outlets often render this as the "world's coolest dictator"),^{[275][290][324]} the "Emperor of El Salvador",^[325] the "CEO of El Salvador",^[326] and the "Philosopher King".^[275][327] Eduardo Escobar, a lawyer of the Citizen Action non-governmental organization, stated that Bukele's usage of such Twitter bios was part of his strategy to "ridicule the feelings of the public or the opposition".^[321]

As a result of his gang-crackdown, analysts have noted the rise of a cult of personality around him across Latin America, with political scientist Steven Levitsky comparing his populist governance and public image to that of Hugo Chávez.^[328]

In 2021, Time named Bukele as one of the world's 100 most influential people.^[329]

Presidential approval rating[edit]

Throughout Bukele's presidency, he has retained high approval ratings. His approval rating has never gone below 75 percent and has averaged in the 90s percentage range.^{[83][312][330][331]} Bukele is one of the most popular presidents in Salvadoran history.^[332] The Los Angeles Times' Kate Linthicum described Bukele as "one of the most popular leaders in the world".^[83] Risa Grais-Targow, a director at the Eurasia Group political consulting firm, described Bukele's approval rating as "sky-high" and "really unprecedented".^[326]

Electoral history[edit]

The following table displays Bukele's electoral history.

Year	Office	Type	Party		Main opponent	Party		Votes for Bukele				Result	Swing		Ref.
								Total	%	P.	±%
2012	Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán	General		FMLN–CD	Tomás Rodríguez		ARENA	2,862	51.67	1st	N/A	Won		Gain	[13]
2015	Mayor of San Salvador	General		FMLN–PSP	Edwin Zamora		ARENA–PCN	89,164	50.38	1st	N/A	Won		Gain	[333]
2019	President of El Salvador	General		GANA	Carlos Calleja		ARENA–PCN–PDC–DS	1,434,856	53.10	1st	N/A	Won		Gain	[334]
2024	President of El Salvador	General		NI	Manuel Flores		FMLN	2,701,725	84.65	1st	+31.55	Won		Hold	[258]

See also[edit]

• List of current heads of state and government

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Braddock, Benjamin (7 February 2024). "Bukele's War for Peace". IM–1776. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
• Galdámez, Eddie (20 February 2020). "Nayib Bukele, President of El Salvador from 2019 to 2024". El Salvador Info. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
• Maldonado, Carlos S. (5 March 2023). "La Metamorfosis de Nayib Bukele: Un Poder Envenenado" [The Metamorphosis of Nayib Bukele: A Poisoned Power]. El País (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.

External links[edit]

• Archived biography from NayibBukele.com (in Spanish)
• Biography on official presidential website (in Spanish)
• Nayib Bukele on Twitter

Political offices
Preceded by Álvaro Rodríguez	Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán 2012–2015	Succeeded by Michelle Sol
Preceded by Norman Quijano	Mayor of San Salvador 2015–2018	Succeeded by Ernesto Muyshondt
Preceded by Salvador Sánchez Cerén	President of El Salvador 2019–present	Incumbent
Party political offices
New office	Leader of Nuevas Ideas 2017–present	Incumbent
New political party	GANA nominee for President of El Salvador 2019	Most recent
New political party	NI nominee for President of El Salvador 2024	Current holder
Honorary titles
Preceded by Jimmy Morales	President pro tempore of the Central American Integration System 2019	Succeeded by Juan Orlando Hernández