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TAS2R10
Identifiers
AliasesTAS2R10, T2R10, TRB2, taste 2 receptor member 10
External IDsOMIM: 604791 MGI: 2681218 HomoloGene: 128355 GeneCards: TAS2R10
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

50839

387346

Ensembl

ENSG00000272805
ENSG00000121318
ENSG00000277238

ENSMUSG00000063478

UniProt

Q9NYW0

Q7M722

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_023921

NM_207019

RefSeq (protein)

NP_076410

NP_996902

Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 10.83 – 10.83 MbChr 6: 131.67 – 131.67 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Taste receptor type 2 member 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R10 gene.[5][6][7] The protein is responsible for bitter taste recognition in mammals. It serves as a defense mechanism to prevent consumption of toxic substances which often have a characteristic bitter taste.[8]

Function[edit]

TAS2R10 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is part of a large group of eukaryotic membrane receptors.[9][10] As a G-protein linked receptor, TAS2R10 helps with relaying communication across the cell membrane between the extracellular and intracellular matrix. Signaling molecules (ligands) bind to GPCRs and cause activation of the G protein which leads to activation of second messenger systems. These messengers inform cells of the presence or lack of substances in their environment which signals effectors to carryout biological functions.

TAS2R10 specifically acts as a bitter taste receptor.[11] In general, TAS1Rs are receptors for umami and sweet tastes and TAS2Rs are bitter receptors. Bitter taste is mediated by numerous receptors, with TAS2R10 being part of a G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans have almost 1,000 different and highly specific GPCRs. Each GPCRs binds to a specific signaling molecule.

TAS2R10, along with several other bitter taste receptors, is expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue palate epithelia and smooth muscle of human airways. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter taste perception of both mice and humans. The activation of the receptors within cells causes an increase in intracellular calcium ions which triggers the opening of potassium channels. The cell membrane becomes depolarized and the smooth muscle relaxes. The depolarization stimulates neurotransmitters that send sensory information to the brain. The information is processed in the brain and perceived as a specific taste.

Basic GPCR structure consisting of a single polypeptide, an amino terminus and carboxyl end and 7 transmembrane segments.

Structure[edit]

Most GPCRs consist of a single polypeptide with a globular tertiary shape and are made up of three general components: the extracellular domain, intracellular domain and the transmembrane domain.[12] The extracellular domain includes the amino terminus and is composed of loops and helices that form binding pockets for ligands. Ligands bind to the receptors which causes activation.

The transmembrane domain consists of seven hydrophobic transmembrane segments. The segments are dispersed throughout the membrane. They transmit signals received from ligand binding at the extracellular domain to the intracellular domain.

The intracellular domain in the cytoplasm of the cell includes the carboxyl terminus and is where downstream signaling pathways are initiated as part of G-protein activation.

GPCR proteins range in size from 25-150 amino acids attached to the C- terminus and can be 80-480 Å in length.[13]

Biological importance[edit]

In mammals, bitter taste is used as a safety mechanism to prevent animals from eating toxic plants or animals.[14][15] Bitter taste serves as a warning that a substance is potentially lethal. TAS2R10 is one of many bitter taste receptors that allows for the recognition of bitter taste. TAS2R10 receptors are able to detect many toxic substances such as strychnine.

Strychnos nux-vomica plant. The seeds of the plant contain a poison called strychnine. Historically it has been used as a pesticide, and nervous system stimulant. Even small amounts are extremely toxic and can be lethal.

Strychnine is a naturally occurring poisonous alkaloid found in the seeds of trees in the Strychnos genus. Ingestion or exposure of strychnine can cause involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can lead to death by asphyxiation when respiratory muscles are involved.

Therapeutic use[edit]

A variety of research and studies are being conducted to investigate how taste receptors like TASR10 have additional functions beyond taste recognition. It is known that the activation of GPCR membrane proteins induces smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.[16] This mechanism is being further studied in the hopes of developing potential treatments for vasoconstricting conditions such as asthma.[17]

There is also research being down on how TASR receptors have a role in both regulatory functions in cancers and thyroid function regulation.[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c ENSG00000121318, ENSG00000277238 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000272805, ENSG00000121318, ENSG00000277238 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000063478 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (Apr 2000). "A novel family of mammalian taste receptors". Cell. 100 (6): 693–702. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80705-9. PMID 10761934. S2CID 14604586.
  6. ^ Matsunami H, Montmayeur JP, Buck LB (Apr 2000). "A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse". Nature. 404 (6778): 601–4. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..601M. doi:10.1038/35007072. PMID 10766242. S2CID 4336913.
  7. ^ "Entrez Gene: TAS2R10 taste receptor, type 2, member 10".
  8. ^ Born, Stephan; Levit, Anat; Niv, Masha Y.; Meyerhof, Wolfgang; Behrens, Maik (2013-01-02). "The Human Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R10 Is Tailored to Accommodate Numerous Diverse Ligands". Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (1): 201–213. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3248-12.2013. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6618634. PMID 23283334.
  9. ^ "GPCR | Learn Science at Scitable". Nature. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  10. ^ Prinetti, A.; Mauri, L.; Chigorno, V.; Sonnino, S. (2007). "Lipid Membrane Domains in Glycobiology". Comprehensive Glycoscience. Elsevier. pp. 697–731. doi:10.1016/B978-044451967-2/00070-2. ISBN 9780444519672. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  11. ^ "TAS2R10 taste 2 receptor member 10 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
  12. ^ Brian K. Kobilka (April 2007). "G Protein Coupled Receptor Structure and Activation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1768 (4): 794–807. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.10.021. PMC 1876727. PMID 17188232.
  13. ^ Vsevolod V. Gurevich; Eugenia V. Gurevich (February 2008). "GPCR monomers and oligomers: it takes all kinds". Trends in Neurosciences. 31 (2): 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.007. PMC 2366802. PMID 18199492.
  14. ^ Born, Stephan; Levit, Anat; Niv, Masha Y.; Meyerhof, Wolfgang; Behrens, Maik (2013-01-02). "The Human Bitter Taste Receptor TAS2R10 Is Tailored to Accommodate Numerous Diverse Ligands". Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (1): 201–213. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3248-12.2013. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6618634. PMID 23283334.
  15. ^ Danielle Renee Reed; Antti Knaapila (2010). "Genetics of Taste and Smell: Poisons and Pleasures". Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 94: 213–240. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375003-7.00008-X. PMC 3342754. PMID 21036327.
  16. ^ Zhu, Hongling; Liu, Lianyong; Ren, Li; Ma, Junhua; Hu, Shuanggang; Zhu, Zhaohui; Zhao, Xuemei; Shi, Chao; Wang, Xing; Zhang, Chaobao; Gu, Mingjun; Li, Xiangqi (2020-03-01). "Systematic prediction of the biological functions of TAS2R10 using positive co‑expression analysis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 19 (3): 1733–1738. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8397. ISSN 1792-0981. PMC 7027137. PMID 32104227.
  17. ^ Doggrell, Sheila A (2011-07-01). "Bitter taste receptors as a target for bronchodilation". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 15 (7): 899–902. doi:10.1517/14728222.2011.580279. ISSN 1472-8222. PMID 21521131. S2CID 34827994.
  18. ^ Clark, Adam A.; Dotson, Cedrick D.; Elson, Amanda E. T.; Voigt, Anja; Boehm, Ulrich; Meyerhof, Wolfgang; Steinle, Nanette I.; Munger, Steven D. (January 2015). "TAS2R bitter taste receptors regulate thyroid function". The FASEB Journal. 29 (1): 164–172. doi:10.1096/fj.14-262246. ISSN 0892-6638. PMC 4285546. PMID 25342133.
  1. Born, S., Levit, A., Niv, M. Y., Meyerhof, W., & Behrens, M. (2013, January 2). The human bitter taste receptor TAS2R10 is tailored to accommodate numerous diverse ligands. Journal of Neuroscience. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/1/201.short
  2. Nature Publishing Group. (n.d.). GPCR. Nature news. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/gpcr-14047471/
  3. Behrens, M., A de March, C., Briand, L., & Matsunami, H. (2018). Structure–Function Relationships of Olfactory and Taste Receptors 20. Academic.oup.com. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/43/2/81/4803207
  4. Yeagle, P. (2016). Membrane receptor. Membrane Receptor - an overview

Further reading[edit]

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R10

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