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In creationism, special creation is a belief that the universe and all life in it originated in its present form by fiat or divine decree.
Catholicism uses the phrase "special creation" in two different senses:
- in the context of theistic evolution to refer to the "special creation of humans", a point of hominization where evolved near-human animals were given souls by God, and became fully human; this belief is also called special transformism by some scholars.[citation needed]
- to refer to the doctrine of immediate or special creation of each human soul
Creationism[edit]
In creationism, "special creation" is a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative, viewing it as an accurate description of the creation of the universe in essentially its present form over the course of six 24-hour days.[1][2]
Duane Gish of the Institute for Creation Research defined "special creation" as being creation using supernatural processes:
We do not know how the Creator created, [or] what processes He used, for He used processes which are not now operating anywhere in the natural universe. This is why we refer to creation as special creation. We cannot discover by scientific investigation anything about the creative processes used by the Creator.[3]
Dennis Jensen of the American Scientific Affiliation states that special creation means that complex living things did not descend from simpler ones but were created independently.[4]
James B. Stenson writes that for fundamentalists, special creation follows from a literal reading of the Genesis creation narrative. There is a "special creation" of each separate kind in six 24-hour days, starting a few thousand years ago.[5]
In The Mystery of Life's Origin, Charles B. Thaxton argues for "Special Creation by a Creator beyond the Cosmos", and asserts that special creation holds "that the source that produced life was intelligent".[6][need quotation to verify]
In Catholicism[edit]
The Pontifical Biblical Commission issued a decree ratified by Pope Pius X on June 30, 1909, mentioning special creation only in relation to humans, not to the other species.[5] In 2004, the International Theological Commission, then under the presidency of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (soon to be Pope Benedict XVI), published a paper in which it accepts the current scientific accounts of the history of the universe commencing in the Big Bang about 15 billion years ago and of the evolution of all life on earth including humans from the microorganisms commencing about 4 billion years ago. The Vatican teaches that God acted indirectly through causal chains operating from the beginning of cosmic history, which prepared the way for the moment of transition to the spiritual with the special creation of the human soul. This special creation, the Vatican says, established the basis for a divine intimacy which embraces every single human person from the first moment of his or her existence.[7]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Locy, William Albert (1908). "Biology and Its Makers" (Document). H. Holt and Company. p. 469.
- ^ Eugenie C. Scott (2004). Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32122-1.
- ^ Evolution: The Fossils Say No, Duane Gish, Master Books; Rpt edition (1995) page 42 ISBN 0-89051-112-8
- ^ Pain, Pleasure and Evolution: An Analysis of Paul Draper's Critique of Theism, Dennis Jensen, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 51.1 (March 1999): 40-46)
- ^ a b EVOLUTION: A CATHOLIC PERSPECTIVE, James B. Stenson, Catholic Position Papers, Series A, Number 116, March, 1984, Japan Edition, Seido Foundation for the Advancement of Education, 12-6 Funado-Cho, Ashiya-Shi Japan.
- ^ Barbara Forrest (April 1, 2007). "Expert Witness Report" (PDF). Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 2005=. United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God, (July 23rd 2004), International Theological Commission, La Civiltà Cattolica 2004, IV, pp. 254-286.