The phoneme inventory of the Marathi language is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below.
Vowels[edit]
Vowels in native words are:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
There is no phonemic length distinction, even though it is indicated in the script. Some educated speakers try to maintain a length distinction in learned borrowings (tatsamas) from Sanskrit.[1]
There are no nasal vowels.
Like other Abugidas, Devanagari writes out syllables by adding vowel diacritics to consonant bases. The table below includes all the vowel symbols used in Marathi, along with a transliteration of each sound into Latin script and IPA.
| Devanagari | Transliterated | IPA | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| अ | a | /ə/ | |
| आ | ā | /a(ː)/ | |
| इ | i | /i/ | |
| ई | ī | /i(ː)/ | |
| उ | u | /u/ | |
| ऊ | ū | /u(ː)/ | |
| ऋ | ṛ | /ru/ | |
| ए | e | /e/ | |
| ऐ | ai | /əi/ | |
| ओ | o | /o/ | |
| औ | au | /əu/ | |
| अं | aṃ | /əm/ | |
| अः | aḥ | /əɦə/ |
Marathi furthermore contrasts /əi, əu/ with /ai, au/.
There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of /æ/ in act and /ɔ/ in all. These are written as ⟨अॅ⟩ and ⟨ऑ⟩.
Marathi retains several features of Sanskrit that have been lost in north-Indian Sanskrit-based languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in terms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants. For instance, Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of ⟨अं⟩ [əⁿ], ⟨ऐ⟩ [əi], and ⟨औ⟩ [əu]. However, as in Gujarati, Marathi speakers tend to pronounce ऋ ṛ somewhat similar to [ru], unlike most other Indic languages which changed it to [ri] (e.g. the original Sanskrit pronunciation of the language's name was saṃskṛtam, while in day-to-day Marathi and Gujarati it is saṃskrut. In other Indic languages, it is closer to sanskrit). Spoken Marathi allows for conservative stress patterns in words like राम (rama) with an emphasis on the ending vowel sound, a feature that has been lost in Hindi.
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | plain | m | n | ɳ | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||
| murmured | mʱ | nʱ | ɳʱ | |||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | ʈ | t͡ɕ~t͡ʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ~f | tʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ɕʰ~t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | d͡z~z | ɖ | d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
| murmured | bʱ | dʱ | d͡zʱ~zʱ | ɖʱ | d͡ʑʱ~d͡ʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ɕ~ʃ | h~ɦ | ||||
| Approximant | plain | ʋ | l | ɭ | j | |||
| murmured | ʋʱ | lʱ | (jʱ)[4] | |||||
| Flap/Trill | plain | ɾ~r | (𝼈 )[5] | |||||
| murmured | ɾʱ~rʱ | |||||||
- Marathi used to have a /t͡sʰ/ but it merged with /s/.[2]
- Some speakers pronounce /d͡z, d͡zʱ/ as fricatives but the aspiration is maintained in /zʱ/.[2]
A defining feature of the Marathi language is the split of the consonant ल /la/ in Sanskrit words into a retroflex lateral flap ळ (ḷa) and alveolar ल (la). For instance, कुळ (kuḷa) for the Sanskrit कुलम् (kulam, 'clan') and कमळ (kamaḷ) for Sanskrit कमलम् (kamalam 'lotus'). Marathi got ळ possibly due to long contact from Dravidian languages; there are some ḷ words loaned from Kannada like ṭhaḷak from taḷaku but most of the words are native. Vedic Sanskrit did have /ɭ, ɭʱ/ as well, but they merged with /ɖ, ɖʱ/ by the time of classical Sanskrit.
The table below includes all the consonant bases onto which vowel diacritics are placed. The lack of a vowel diacritic can either indicate the lack of a vowel, or the existence of the default, or "inherent", vowel, which in the case of Marathi is the schwa.
| क | ख | ग | घ | ङ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ka /kə/ |
kha /kʰə/ |
ga /ɡə/ |
gha /ɡʱə/ |
ṅa (/ŋə/) |
|
| च | छ | ज | झ | ञ | |
| ca, ċa /t͡ɕə/ or /t͡sə/ |
cha /t͡ɕʰə/ |
ja, j̈a /d͡ʑə/ or /d͡zə/ |
jha, j̈ha /d͡ʑʱə/ or /d͡zʱə/ |
ña (/ɲə/) |
|
| ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण | |
| ṭa /ʈə/ |
ṭha /ʈʰə/ |
ḍa /ɖə/ |
ḍha /ɖʱə/ |
ṇa /ɳə/ |
|
| त | थ | द | ध | न | |
| ta /tə/ |
tha /tʰə/ |
da /də/ |
dha /dʱə/ |
na /nə/ |
|
| प | फ | ब | भ | म | |
| pa /pə/ |
pha /pʰə/ or /fə/ |
ba /bə/ |
bha /bʱə/ |
ma /mə/ |
|
| य | र | ल | व | श | |
| ya /jə/ |
ra /ɾə/ |
la /lə/ |
va /ʋə/ |
śa /ʃə/ |
|
| ष | स | ह | ळ | क्ष | ज्ञ |
| ṣa /ʂə/ |
sa /sə/ |
ha /ɦə/ |
ḷa /ɭə/ |
kṣa /kɕə/ |
jña /dɲə/ |
Example of consonant–vowel combination[edit]
Combination of the vowels with K:
| Script | Pronunciation (IPA) |
|---|---|
| क | /kə/ |
| का | /kaː/ |
| कि | /ki/ |
| की | /kiː/ |
| कु | /ku/ |
| कू | /kuː/ |
| कृ | /kru/ |
| के | /ke/ |
| कै | /kəi̯/ |
| को | /ko/ |
| कौ | /kəu̯/ |
| कं | /kəm/ |
| कः | /kəɦ(ə)/ |
References[edit]
- ^ Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009). Marathi. London Oriental and African Languages Library, 13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- ^ a b c *Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- ^ Pandharipande, Rajeshwari V. (2003). Marathi. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 789–790.
- ^ In Kudali dialect
- ^ Masica (1991:97)
- Ghatage, A.M (1970). Marathi Of Kasargod. Mumbai.
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