This is a list of adrenergic drugs. These are pharmaceutical drugs, naturally occurring compounds and other chemicals that influence the function of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline).
Receptor ligands[edit]
α1-adrenergic receptor ligands[edit]
Agonists[edit]
- Amidephrine
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Cirazoline
- Dipivefrine
- Dopamine
- Ephedrine
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Etilefrine
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- 5-Fluoronorepinephrine
- 6-Fluoronorepinephrine
- Indanidine
- Levonordefrin
- Metaraminol
- Methoxamine
- Methyldopa
- Midodrine
- Naphazoline
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Octopamine
- Oxymetazoline
- Phenylephrine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pseudoephedrine
- Synephrine
- Tetrahydrozoline
Antagonists[edit]
- Abanoquil
- Adimolol
- Ajmalicine
- Alfuzosin
- Amosulalol
- Arotinolol
- Atiprosin
- Benoxathian
- Buflomedil
- Bunazosin
- Carvedilol
- CI-926
- Corynanthine
- Dapiprazole
- DL-017
- Domesticine
- Doxazosin
- Eugenodilol
- Fenspiride
- GYKI-12,743
- GYKI-16,084
- Indoramin
- Ketanserin
- L-765,314
- Labetalol
- Mephendioxan
- Metazosin
- Monatepil
- Moxisylyte (thymoxamine)
- Naftopidil
- Nantenine
- Neldazosin
- Nicergoline
- Niguldipine
- Pelanserin
- Phendioxan
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Phentolamine
- Piperoxan
- Prazosin
- Quinazosin
- Ritanserin
- RS-97,078
- SGB-1,534
- Silodosin
- SL-89.0591
- Spiperone
- Talipexole
- Tamsulosin
- Terazosin
- Tibalosin
- Tiodazosin
- Tipentosin
- Tolazoline
- Trimazosin
- Upidosin
- Urapidil
- Zolertine
Many tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, ergolines, and some piperazines like buspirone, trazodone, nefazodone, etoperidone, and mepiprazole antagonize α1-adrenergic receptors as well, which contributes to their side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.
α2-adrenergic receptor ligands[edit]
Agonists[edit]
- Adrenoswitches (photoswitchable agonists)[1]
- Amitraz
- Apraclonidine
- Brimonidine
- Cannabivarin
- Clonidine
- Detomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dihydroergotamine
- Dipivefrine
- Dopamine
- Ephedrine
- Ergotamine
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Esproquin
- Etilefrine
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- 6-Fluoronorepinephrine
- Guanabenz
- Guanfacine
- Guanoxabenz
- Levonordefrin
- Lofexidine
- Medetomidine
- Methyldopa
- Mivazerol
- Naphazoline
- 4-NEMD
- (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Piperoxan
- Pseudoephedrine
- Rilmenidine
- Romifidine
- Talipexole
- Tetrahydrozoline
- Tizanidine
- Tolonidine
- Urapidil
- Xylazine
- Xylometazoline
Antagonists[edit]
- Adimolol
- Aptazapine
- Atipamezole
- BRL-44408
- Buflomedil
- Cirazoline
- Efaroxan
- Esmirtazapine
- Fenmetozole
- Fluparoxan
- GYKI-12,743
- GYKI-16,084
- Idazoxan
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- MK-912
- NAN-190
- Olanzapine
- Phentolamine
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Piperoxan
- Piribedil
- Pyrimidinylpiperazine
- Rauwolscine
- Rotigotine
- SB-269,970
- Setiptiline
- Spiroxatrine
- Sunepitron
- Tolazoline
- Yohimbine
Many atypical antipsychotics and azapirones like buspirone and gepirone (via metabolite pyrimidinylpiperazine) antagonize α2-adrenergic receptors as well.
β-adrenergic receptor ligands[edit]
Agonists[edit]
- Abediterol
- Amibegron
- Arbutamine
- Arformoterol
- Arotinolol
- Bambuterol
- Befunolol
- Bitolterol
- Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane (BAAM)
- Broxaterol
- Buphenine
- Carbuterol
- Cimaterol
- Clenbuterol
- Denopamine
- Deterenol
- Dipivefrine
- Dobutamine
- Dopamine
- Dopexamine
- Ephedrine
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Etafedrine
- Etilefrine
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- Fenoterol
- 2-Fluoronorepinephrine
- 5-Fluoronorepinephrine
- Formoterol
- Hexoprenaline
- Higenamine
- Indacaterol
- Isoetarine
- Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
- N-Isopropyloctopamine
- Isoxsuprine
- Labetalol
- Levonordefrin
- Levosalbutamol
- Mabuterol
- Methoxyphenamine
- Methyldopa
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Orciprenaline
- Oxyfedrine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pirbuterol
- Prenalterol
- Ractopamine
- Procaterol
- Pseudoephedrine
- Quinterenol
- Reproterol
- Rimiterol
- Ritodrine
- Salbutamol (albuterol)
- Salmeterol
- Solabegron
- Terbutaline
- Tretoquinol
- Tulobuterol
- Xamoterol
- Zilpaterol
- Zinterol
Antagonists[edit]
- Acebutolol
- Adaprolol
- Adimolol
- Afurolol
- Alprenolol
- Alprenoxime
- Amosulalol
- Ancarolol
- Arnolol
- Arotinolol
- Atenolol
- Befunolol
- Betaxolol
- Bevantolol
- Bisoprolol
- Bopindolol
- Bornaprolol
- Brefonalol
- Bucindolol
- Bucumolol
- Bufetolol
- Bufuralol
- Bunitrolol
- Bunolol
- Bupranolol
- Butaxamine
- Butidrine
- Butofilolol
- Capsinolol
- Carazolol
- Carpindolol
- Carteolol
- Carvedilol
- Celiprolol
- Cetamolol
- Cicloprolol
- Cinamolol
- Cloranolol
- Cyanopindolol
- Dalbraminol
- Dexpropranolol
- Diacetolol
- Dichloroisoprenaline
- Dihydroalprenolol
- Dilevalol
- Diprafenone
- Draquinolol
- Ecastolol
- Epanolol
- Ericolol
- Ersentilide
- Esatenolol
- Esmolol
- Eugenodilol
- Exaprolol
- Falintolol
- Flestolol
- Flusoxolol
- Hydroxycarteolol
- Hydroxytertatolol
- ICI-118,551
- Idropranolol
- Indenolol
- Indopanolol
- Iodocyanopindolol
- Iprocrolol
- Isoxaprolol
- Isamoltane
- Labetalol
- Landiolol
- Levobetaxolol
- Levobunolol
- Levocicloprolol
- Levomoprolol
- Medroxalol
- Mepindolol
- Metalol
- Metipranolol
- Metoprolol
- Moprolol
- Nadolol
- Nadoxolol
- Nafetolol
- Nebivolol
- Neraminol
- Nifenalol
- Nipradilol
- Oberadilol
- Oxprenolol
- Pacrinolol
- Pafenolol
- Pamatolol
- Pargolol
- Parodilol
- Penbutolol
- Penirolol
- PhQA-33
- Pindolol
- Pirepolol
- Practolol
- Primidolol
- Procinolol
- Pronethalol
- Propafenone
- Propranolol
- Ridazolol
- Ronactolol
- Soquinolol
- Sotalol
- Spirendolol
- SR 59230A
- Sulfinalol
- TA-2005
- Talinolol
- Tazolol
- Teoprolol
- Tertatolol
- Tienoxolol
- Tilisolol
- Timolol
- Tiprenolol
- Tolamolol
- Toliprolol
- Tribendilol
- Trigevolol
- Xibenolol
- Xipranolol
Reuptake inhibitors[edit]
Norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitors[edit]
- Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
- Amedalin
- Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
- Ciclazindol
- Daledalin
- Esreboxetine
- Lortalamine
- Mazindol
- Nisoxetine
- Reboxetine
- Talopram
- Talsupram
- Tandamine
- Viloxazine
- Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
- Amineptine
- Bupropion (amfebutamone)
- Fencamine
- Fencamfamine
- Lefetamine
- Levophacetoperane
- LR-5182
- Manifaxine
- Methylphenidate
- Nomifensine
- O-2172
- Radafaxine
- Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
- Bicifadine
- Desvenlafaxine
- Duloxetine
- Eclanamine
- Levomilnacipran
- Milnacipran
- Sibutramine
- Venlafaxine
- Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
- Brasofensine
- Diclofensine
- DOV-102,677
- DOV-21,947
- DOV-216,303
- JNJ-7925476
- JZ-IV-10
- Methylnaphthidate
- Naphyrone
- NS-2359
- PRC200-SS
- SEP-225,289
- SEP-227,162
- Tesofensine
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Amitriptyline
- Butriptyline
- Cianopramine
- Clomipramine
- Desipramine
- Dosulepin
- Doxepin
- Imipramine
- Lofepramine
- melitracen
- Nortriptyline
- Protriptyline
- Trimipramine
- Tetracyclic antidepressants
- Amoxapine
- Maprotiline
- Mianserin
- Oxaprotiline
- Setiptiline
Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) inhibitors[edit]
Releasing agents[edit]
- Morpholines
- Fenbutrazate
- Morazone
- Phendimetrazine
- Phenmetrazine
- Oxazolines
- Aminorex
- Clominorex
- Cyclazodone
- Fenozolone
- Fluminorex
- 4-Methylaminorex
- Pemoline
- Thozalinone
- Phenethylamines (also amphetamines, cathinones, phentermines, etc.)
- 2-OH-PEA
- 4-CAB
- 4-FA
- 4-FMA
- 4-MA
- 4-MMA
- Alfetamine
- Amfecloral
- Amfepentorex
- Amfepramone
- Amphetamine
- Amphetaminil
- β-Me-PEA
- BDB
- Benzphetamine
- BOH
- Buphedrone
- Butylone
- Cathine
- Cathinone
- Clobenzorex
- Clortermine
- D-Deprenyl
- Dimethylamphetamine
- Dimethylcathinone (dimethylpropion, metamfepramone)
- DMA
- DMMA
- EBDB
- Ephedrine
- Ethcathinone
- Ethylamphetamine
- Ethylone
- Famprofazone
- Fenethylline
- Fenproporex
- Flephedrone
- Fludorex
- Furfenorex
- Hordenine
- IAP
- IMP
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Lophophine
- MBDB
- MDA (tenamfetamine)
- MDEA
- MDMA
- MDMPEA
- MDOH
- MDPEA
- Mefenorex
- Mephedrone
- Mephentermine
- Methamphetamine
- Methcathinone
- Methedrone
- Methylone
- NAP
- Ortetamine
- Paredrine
- pBA
- pCA
- Pentorex (phenpentermine)
- Phenethylamine
- Pholedrine
- Phenpromethamine
- Phentermine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- pIA
- Prenylamine
- Propylamphetamine
- Pseudoephedrine
- Selegiline (L-deprenyl)
- Tiflorex
- Tyramine
- Xylopropamine
- Zylofuramine
- Piperazines
- Benzylpiperazine (BZP)
- 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromobenzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP)
- Methylbenzylpiperazine (MBZP)
- Metachlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)
- Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBZP)
- Methoxyphenylpiperazine (MeOPP)
- Parafluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP)
- Others
- 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
- 2-Aminoindane
- 2-Aminotetralin
- 2-Benzylpiperidine
- 4-Benzylpiperidine
- Clofenciclan
- Cyclopentamine
- Cypenamine
- Cyprodenate
- Feprosidnine
- Gilutensin
- Heptaminol
- Hexacyclonate
- Indanorex
- 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane (5-IAI)
- Isometheptene
- Methylhexanamine
- Octodrine
- Phthalimidopropiophenone
- Propylhexedrine
- Tuaminoheptane
Enzyme inhibitors[edit]
Anabolism[edit]
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) inhibitors[edit]
Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors[edit]
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitors[edit]
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors[edit]
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitors[edit]
Catabolism[edit]
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors[edit]
- Nonselective
- Benmoxin
- Caroxazone
- Echinopsidine
- Furazolidone
- Hydralazine
- Indantadol
- Iproclozide
- Iproniazid
- Isocarboxazid
- Isoniazid
- Linezolid
- Mebanazine
- Metfendrazine
- Nialamide
- Octamoxin
- Paraxazone
- Phenelzine
- Pheniprazine
- Phenoxypropazine
- Pivalylbenzhydrazine
- Procarbazine
- Safrazine
- Tranylcypromine
- MAO-A selective
- Amiflamine
- Bazinaprine
- Befloxatone
- Befol
- Brofaromine
- Cimoxatone
- Clorgiline
- Esuprone
- Harmala alkaloids
- Methylene Blue
- Metralindole
- Minaprine
- Moclobemide
- Pirlindole
- Sercloremine
- Tetrindole
- Toloxatone
- Tyrima
- MAO-B selective
- D-Deprenyl
- Selegiline (L-deprenyl)
- Ladostigil
- Lazabemide
- Milacemide
- Mofegiline
- Pargyline
- Rasagiline
- Safinamide
MAO-B inhibitors also influence norepinephrine/epinephrine levels since they inhibit the breakdown of their precursor dopamine.
Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors[edit]
Others[edit]
Precursors[edit]
- L-Phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa) → dopamine
- L-DOPS (droxidopa)
Cofactors[edit]
Activity enhancers[edit]
- Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP)
- Phenylpropylaminopentane (PPAP)
Release blockers[edit]
Toxins[edit]
- Oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine)
References[edit]
- ^ Prischich, Davia; Gomila, Alexandre M. J.; Milla-Navarro, Santiago; Sangüesa, Gemma; Diez-Alarcia, Rebeca; Preda, Beatrice; Matera, Carlo; Batlle, Montserrat; Ramírez, Laura; Giralt, Ernest; Hernando, Jordi; Guasch, Eduard; Meana, J. Javier; de la Villa, Pedro; Gorostiza, Pau (2020). "Adrenergic modulation with photochromic ligands". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. doi:10.1002/anie.202010553. hdl:2434/778579. ISSN 1433-7851.