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Inocybaceae
Inocybe lanuginosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Inocybaceae
Jülich (1981)
Type genus
Inocybe
(Fr.) Fr. (1863)
Genera

Auritella
Inocybe
Inosperma
Mallocybe
Nothocybe
Pseudosperma
Tubariomyces

The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales, the largest order of mushroom-forming fungi.[1] It is one of the larger families within Agaricales (gilled mushrooms).[2] This family exhibits an ectomycorrhizal ecology.[1][3] Members of this family have a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate areas.[4]

Taxonomy[edit]

The type genus of the Inocybaceae, Inocybe, was originally described by Fries in 1821, as a 'tribe' within a broad mushroom genus, Agaricus.[1] In 1863, Fries elevated Inocybe to generic rank.[1]

Inocybe, had traditionally been placed within the family Cortinariaceae.[5][6] Despite this, Dutch taxonomist Walter Jülich placed the genus in its own family, the Inocybaceae.[7] Later, the Cortinariaceae were shown to be polyphyletic.[8][9] Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of RPB1, RPB2 and nLSU-rDNA regions from a variety of Inocybe and related taxa would support Jülich's recognition of Inocybe at the family level.[10] In their Dictionary of the Fungi, Kirk et al. (2008)[11] did not distinguish between Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but rather merged them into one family they called Inocybaceae. The literature has since then split up the classification given by Kirk et al. (2008)[11] not only into Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but also Tubariaceae[12][13][14] and Chromocyphellaceae.[15]

Inocybaceae has only become an independent family somewhat recently. The family is now split into 7 different clades, all recognized with generic rank: Auritella, Inocybe sensu stricto, Inosperma, Mallocybe, Nothocybe, Pseudosperma, and Tubariomyces[16]. It is estimated that Inocybe (the largest genus within Inocybaceae) contains ca. 1050 species; Pseudosperma with ca. 70 species; Mallocybe with more than 55 species; Inosperma containing 70+ known species; and Auritella, Nothocybe, and Tubariomyces containing an unknown number of species, but estimated to be in rather small numbers.[16]

In a 2019 molecular study, Matheny and colleagues used six gene phylogenetic analyses to determine relationships within the family. They recovered Nothocybe as sister to Inocybe, while members of Inocybe section Rimosae formed a lineage that diverged from the ancestor of the preceding two, and hence reclassified it as a genus Pseudosperma. Another branch gives rise to four lineages - the genus Auritella, what was Inocybe subgenus Mallocybe (now Mallocybe[17]), Tubariomyces, and Inosperma (previously Inocybe subgenus Inosperma).[18]

Distribution[edit]

The Inocybaceae are widespread in north temperate regions, but also found in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. Members of this family have also been encountered in Africa, Australia, the neotropics, New Zealand, the north temperate zone, the paleotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, and the south temperate zone.[19]

Ecology[edit]

Members of Inocybaceae are ectomycorrhizal, which is a specialized form of symbyosis with plants generally thought to be mutually beneficial. It is estimated that they can form mycorrhiza with at least 23 plant families.[18] Most species tend to prefer calcareous to neutrally-rich soils, and are often found at the edges of paths, roads, parks, or other urban habitats.[16] Some authors reinforce that members of this family would generally prefer more calcareous soils and notes that this trait is well conserved.[2]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Matheny, P. Brandon (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the Inocybaceae" (PDF). McIlvainea. 18 (1): 11–21 – via mycopedia.ch.
  2. ^ a b Ryberg, Martin; Larsson, Ellen; Jacobsson, Stig (2010-05-01). "An evolutionary perspective on morphological and ecological characters in the mushroom family Inocybaceae (Agaricomycotina, Fungi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (2): 431–442. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.011. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 20170738.
  3. ^ Ryberg, Martin; Nilsson, R. Henrik; Kristiansson, Erik; Töpel, Mats; Jacobsson, Stig; Larsson, Ellen (2008-02-18). "Mining metadata from unidentified ITS sequences in GenBank: A case study in Inocybe (Basidiomycota)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 50. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-50. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2275786. PMID 18282272.
  4. ^ Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
  5. ^ Singer, Rolf (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-254-2.
  6. ^ Bisby, Guy Richard; Ainsworth, G. C.; Kirk, P. M.; Aptroot, André (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.] Oxon, UK: CAB International. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-85199-377-5.
  7. ^ Jülich W. (1982). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Mycologia 85. Cramer, Vaduz. 485 pp.
  8. ^ Moncalvo JM, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences". Systematic Biology. 49 (2): 278–305. doi:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278. PMID 12118409.
  9. ^ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793.
  10. ^ Matheny PB (2005). "Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014. PMID 15737578.
  11. ^ a b Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  12. ^ Vizzini A (2008). "Novitates. Tubariaceae fam. nov". Rivista di Micologia. 51: 174.
  13. ^ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Tang ZL, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS (2006). "Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview". Mycologia. 98 (6): 982–995. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. PMID 17486974.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ Matheny PB, Moreau PA, Vizzini A, Harrower E, De Haan A, Contu M, Curti M (2015). "Crassisporium and Romagnesiella: two new genera of dark-spored Agaricales" (PDF). Systematics and Biodiversity. 13 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1080/14772000.2014.967823. hdl:2318/152675. S2CID 53694501.
  15. ^ Petersen G, Knudsen H, Seberg O (2010). "Alignment, clade robustness and fungal phylogenetics — Crepidotaceae and sister families revisited". Cladistics. 26 (1): 62–71. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00279.x. PMID 34875756. S2CID 84495351.
  16. ^ a b c CSIZMÁR, M.; CSEH, P.; DIMA, B.; ASSAMERE, A.; ORLÓCI, L.; BRATEK, Z. (2023). "Contribution to the Taxonomic Knowledge of the Family Inocybaceae in Budapest, Hungary". Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 21 (1): 409–420. doi:10.15666/aeer/2101_409420. ISSN 1589-1623.
  17. ^ Hu, Jian-Hua; Yu, Wen-Jie; Deng, Lun-Sha; Fan, Yu-Guang; Bau, Tolgor; Tang, Li-Ping; Lin, Wen-Fei; Deng, Chun-Ying (2023-01-27). "The detection of major clades and new species of Mallocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) from China with elongate cheilocystidia". Mycological Progress. 22 (2): 15. doi:10.1007/s11557-022-01854-5. ISSN 1861-8952. S2CID 256277591.
  18. ^ a b Matheny, P. Brandon; Hobbs, Alicia M.; Esteve-Raventós, Fernando (2020). "Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony". Mycologia. 112 (1): 83–120. doi:10.1080/00275514.2019.1668906. PMID 31846596. S2CID 209407151.
  19. ^ Matheny, P. Brandon; Aime, M. Catherine; Bougher, Neale L.; Buyck, Bart; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Horak, Egon; Kropp, Bradley R.; Lodge, D. Jean; Soytong, Kasem; Trappe, James M.; Hibbett, David S. (11 March 2009). "Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (4): 577–592. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02055.x. S2CID 85164367.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybaceae

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