Clavams are a class of antibiotics. This antibiotic is derived from Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL 3585.[1] Clavam is produced to form a new β-lactam antibiotic.[1] This class is divided into the clavulanic acid class and the 5S clavams class. Both groups are the outcomes of the fermentation process produced by Streptomyces spp.[2] Clavulanic acid is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and 5S clavams may have anti-fungal properties. They are similar to penams, but with an oxygen substituted for the sulfur.[3] Thus, they are also known as oxapenams.
An example is clavulanic acid,[4] from which this compound class receives its name.
Clavulanic acid, a type of clavam, has antibiotic properties. It can be used as a medication to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Clavam tablets may be effective for short-term treatment of bronchitis, cystitis, sinusitis, otitis media, or skin infections.[5][6] Clavams are commonly used in conjunction with other antibiotics such as amoxicillin to produce a broader therapeutic effect. "One of the most valuable multipurpose and incredible trade of antibiotics is the β-lactams group.[7]
Clavulanic acid strongly inhibits β-lactamase in bacteria, which is associated with its antibiotic properties. β-Lactam antibiotics generally have a common feature which is the 3-carbon and 1-nitrogen ring (β-lactam ring) that is highly reactive.[8] Different molecules of the Clavam class have been shown to inhibit the action of several fungal species. 5S clavams do not have an inhibitory effect on β-lactamase, but are involved in methionine biosynthesis inhibition, making them bacteriostatic agents.[9] Additionally, 5S Clavams may have inhibitory effects on RNA synthesis, which is a common property of anti-fungal medications.[10] Clavams have wide-ranging bioactivity, and may have greater therapeutic use than current research indicates.[11] Because of their activity on β-lactamase, this class of antibiotics can evade antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which is a risk associated with other antibiotics such as penicillins.
Regulation of clavam-biosynthesis in S. clavuligerus[edit]
In S. Clavuligerus infection, a Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein known as cephamycin and clavulanic acid regulator (CcaR) is encoded into the cephamycin gene cluster. This is essential for the cephamycin C and clavulanic acid, but not the 5S claims. CcaR is important for the expression of polycistronic transcripts, which are early genes for clavulanic acid biosynthesis. This is also a key factor for activating its own transcription by binding to its own promoting region.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Pruess, D. L.; Kellett, M. (1983). "Ro 22-5417, A NEW CLAVAM ANTIBIOTIC FROM STREPTOMYCES CLAVULIGERUS I. DISCOVERY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY". The Journal of Antibiotics. 36 (3): 208–212. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.36.208. ISSN 0021-8820. PMID 6833140.
- ^ Jensen, Susan E (2012-10-01). "Biosynthesis of clavam metabolites". Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. pp. 1407–1419. doi:10.1007/s10295-012-1191-0. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
- ^ "Medscape.com". Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ Chemical Research Laboratory, Oxford University (The Schofield Group). "Antibiotic Biosynthesis, Clavulanic Acid Mode of Action and Biosynthesis". Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
- ^ CLAVAM
- ^ "Clavam". NPS MedicineWise. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
- ^ Chmielewski, Marek; Cierpucha, Maciej; Kowalska, Patrycja; Kwit, Marcin; Frelek, Jadwiga (2008-05-15). "Structure–chiroptical properties relationship in clavams: An experimental and theoretical study". Chirality. 20 (5): 621–627. doi:10.1002/chir.20484. ISSN 0899-0042. PMID 17924419.
- ^ Pandey, Neelanjana; Cascella, Marco (2022), "Beta Lactam Antibiotics", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31424895, retrieved 2022-04-04
- ^ Jensen, Susan E (2012-10-01). "Biosynthesis of clavam metabolites". Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 39 (10): 1407–1419. doi:10.1007/s10295-012-1191-0. ISSN 1476-5535. PMID 22948564. S2CID 2974684.
- ^ Röhl, F.; Rabenhorst, J.; Zähner, H. (1987-05-01). "Biological properties and mode of action of clavams". Archives of Microbiology. 147 (4): 315–320. Bibcode:1987ArMic.147..315R. doi:10.1007/BF00406126. ISSN 1432-072X. PMID 3304182. S2CID 23725763.
- ^ Cierpucha, Maciej; Panfil, Irma; Danh, Tong Thanh; Chmielewski, Marek; Kurzatkowski, Wieslaw; Rajnisz, Aleksandra; Solecka, Jolanta (October 2007). "Synthesis of 3-Substituted-clavams: Antifungal Properties, DD -Peptidase and β-Lactamase Inhibition". The Journal of Antibiotics. 60 (10): 622–632. doi:10.1038/ja.2007.80. ISSN 1881-1469. PMID 17965478.
- ^ E Jensen, Susan (2012). "Biosynthesis of clavam metabolites". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 39 (10): 1407–1419. doi:10.1007/s10295-012-1191-0. PMID 22948564. S2CID 2974684.