| Chhattisgarhi | |
|---|---|
| छत्तीसगढ़ी | |
 The word "Chhattisgarhi" written in Devanagari script | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Chhattisgarh and a minority of speakers in Odisha and Maharashtra |
Native speakers | 18 million, partial count, including Surgujia (2011 census)[1] (additional speakers counted under Hindi) |
| Dialects | |
| Devanagari | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:hne – Chhattisgarhisgj – Surgujia |
| Glottolog | chha1249 |
| Linguasphere | 59-AAF-ta |
Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 16.25 million people from Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in India.[3] It is the official language of Chhattisgarh. It is grouped within the Eastern Hindi languages and is counted by the Indian national census as a dialect of Hindi.
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Trill/Tap | voiced | r | ɽ | ||||
| breathy | ɽʱ | ||||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | |||||
| breathy | lʱ | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | |||||
- /r/ can also be heard as a tap [ɾ].
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | iː | uː | |
| ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid | eː | ə | oː |
| ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Low | aː | ||
- /ə/ can also be heard as back [ʌ], [ɐ].
- Nasalization is also phonemically distinctive.
See also[edit]
- Languages of India
- Languages with official status in India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
Bibliography[edit]
- G. A. Zograph: Languages of South Asia, 1960 (translated by G.L. Campbell, 1982), Routledge, London.
- H. L. Kavyopadhyaya, G. A. Grierson and L. P. Kavya-Vinod. 1921. A grammar of the Chhattisgarhi dialect of Eastern Hindi.
- Masica, Colin P. 1993. The Indo-Aryan languages. (Cambridge Language Surveys.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Boehm, Kelly Kilgo. 2022. A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of the Chhattisgarhi-Speaking Peoples of India. SIL International.
- C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh"
- C. K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"
- C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"
- Chhattisgarh Rajbhasha Aayog, "Prashashnik Shabdkosh Vol. I & II"
References[edit]
- ^ 16.25 million for Chhattisgarhi and 1.74 million for Surgujia.
Chhattisgarhi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Surgujia at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ "The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Languages of Chhattisgarh". Chhattisgarh Tourism. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
