Objects |
---|
Lists |
Planets |
Solar System portal Star portal |
This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size, arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius, and subdivided into several size classes. These lists can also be sorted according to an object's mass and, for the largest objects, volume, density and surface gravity, insofar as these values are available. This list contains the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects.
The ordering may be different depending on whether one chooses radius or mass, because some objects are denser than others. For instance, Uranus is larger than Neptune but less massive, and although Ganymede and Titan are larger than Mercury, they have less than half Mercury's mass. This means some objects in the lower tables, despite their smaller radii, may be more massive than objects in the upper tables because they have a higher density.
Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered, and their approximate locations in this list are shown, even though there can be a large uncertainty in their measurement.
Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms (one yottagram [Yg]) are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes (ellipsoids), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, when the gravity of their mass is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. Objects made of ice become round more easily than those made of rock, and many icy objects are spheroidal at far lower sizes. The cutoff boundary for roundness is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius.[1]
The larger objects in the mass range between 1018 kg to 1021 kg (1 to 1000 zettagrams [Zg]), such as Tethys, Ceres, and Mimas, have relaxed to an oblate-spheroid equilibrium due to their gravity, whereas the less massive rubble piles (e.g. Amalthea and Janus) are roughly rounded, but not spherical, dubbed "irregular".
Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies deviate significantly from the shape of an ellipsoid.
There can be difficulty in figuring out the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn. (See 2060 Chiron as an example.) For TNOs there is some confidence in the diameters, but for non-binary TNOs there is no real confidence in the masses/densities. Many TNOs are often just assumed to have Pluto's density of 2.0 g/cm3, but it is just as likely that they have a comet-like density of only 0.5 g/cm3.[2] For example, if a TNO is poorly assumed to have a mass of 3.59×1020 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm3 and is later discovered to only have a radius of 175 km with a density of 1 g/cm3, the mass estimate would be only 2.24×1019 kg.
The sizes and masses of many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are fairly well known due to numerous observations and interactions of the Galileo and Cassini orbiters. But many of the moons with a radius less than ~100 km, such as Jupiter's Himalia, still have unknown masses.[3] Again, as we get further from the Sun than Saturn, things get less clear. There has not yet been an orbiter around Uranus or Neptune for long-term study of their moons. For the small outer irregular moons of Uranus, such as Sycorax, which were not discovered by the Voyager 2 flyby, even different NASA web pages, such as the National Space Science Data Center[4] and JPL Solar System Dynamics,[3] have somewhat contradictory size and albedo estimates depending on which research paper is being cited.
Data for objects has varying reliability including uncertainties in the figures for mass and radius, and irregularities in the shape and density, with accuracy often depending on how close it is to Earth or if it has been visited by a probe.
|
-
Relative masses of the bodies of the Solar System. Objects smaller than Saturn are not visible at this scale.
List
Objects above ≈400 km in radius
It was once thought that everything above this size is probably in hydrostatic equilibrium (HE), though some bodies listed near the end might not be if their estimated or measured size were "grossly in error" or their composition primarily rocky.[5] However, Rhea is the smallest body where detailed measurements have been made and are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium,[6] whereas Iapetus is the largest determined not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium,[7] though it does have an ellipsoidal shape (i.e. it is round).
For simplicity and comparative purposes, the values are manually calculated assuming a sphericity of 1. The size of solid bodies does not include an object's atmosphere. For example, Titan looks bigger than Ganymede, but its solid body is smaller. For the giant planets, the "radius" is the point at which the atmosphere reaches 1 bar of atmospheric pressure.[8] The radius of Saturn's main rings is 136,775 km.
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mean radius (R⊕) |
Volume (109 km3) |
Volume (V⊕) |
Mass ×1021 kg (Yg) |
Mass (M⊕) |
Density (g/cm3) |
Surface gravity (m/s2) |
Surface gravity (⊕) |
Type of object | Shape | Approx. rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sun | File:The Sun in extreme ultraviolet.jpg | 696342±65[9] | 109.3 | 1,414,300,000 | 1,305,700 | 1,988,550,000 | 333,000 | 1.408 | 274.0 | 28.02 | star | round (HE) | 1 |
Jupiter | 69911±6 | 10.97 | 1,431,280 | 1,321 | 1,898,600 | 317.83 | 1.326 | 24.79 | 2.535 | planet (gas giant)—has rings | round (HE) | 2 | |
Saturn | 58232±6 (w/o rings) |
9.140 | 827,130 | 764 | 568,460 | 95.159 | 0.687 | 10.445 | 1.06 | planet (gas giant)—has rings | round (HE) | 3 | |
Uranus | 25362±7 | 3.981 | 68,340 | 63.1 | 86,832 | 14.536 | 1.27 | 8.87 | 0.90 | planet (ice giant)—has rings | round (HE) | 4 | |
Neptune | 24622±19 | 3.865 | 62,540 | 57.7 | 102,430 | 17.147 | 1.638 | 11.15 | 1.140 | planet (ice giant)—has rings | round (HE) | 5 | |
Earth | 6371.0 | 1 | 1,083.21 | 1 | 5,973.6 | 1 | 5.514 | 9.78033 | 0.99732 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 6 | |
Venus | 6051.8±1.0 (w/o gas) |
0.9499 | 928.43 | 0.857 | 4,868.5 | 0.815 | 5.243 | 8.872 | 0.905 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 7 | |
Mars | 3389.5±0.2 | 0.5320 | 163.18 | 0.151 | 641.85 | 0.107 | 3.9335 ± 0.0004 | 3.7 | 0.38 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 8 | |
Ganymede Jupiter III |
2634.1±0.3 | 0.4135 | 76.30 | 0.0704 | 148.2 | 0.0248 | 1.936 | 1.428 | 0.15 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | 9 | |
Titan† Saturn VI |
2576±2 (w/o gas) |
0.4043 | 71.52 | 0.0660 | 134.5 | 0.0225 | 1.8798 ± 0.0044 | 1.354 | 0.14 | satellite of Saturn | round (HE) | 10 | |
Mercury | 2439.7±1.0 | 0.3829 | 60.83 | 0.0562 | 330.2 | 0.0553 | 5.427 | 3.7 | 0.38 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 11 | |
Callisto Jupiter IV |
2410.3±1.5 | 0.3783 | 58.65 | 0.0541 | 107.6 | 0.018 | 1.8344 ± 0.0034 | 1.23603 | 0.126 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | 12 | |
Io Jupiter I |
1821.6±0.5 | 0.2859 | 25.32 | 0.0234 | 89.3 | 0.015 | 3.528 ± 0.006 | 1.797 | 0.183 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | 13 | |
Moon Earth I |
1737.1 | 0.2727 | 21.958 | 0.0203 | 73.5 | 0.0123 | 3.3464 | 1.625 | 0.166 | satellite of Earth | round (HE) | 14 | |
Europa Jupiter II |
1560.8±0.5 | 0.2450 | 15.93 | 0.0147 | 48 | 0.00803 | 3.013 ± ∂0.005 | 1.316 | 0.134 | satellite of Jupiter | round (HE) | 15 | |
Triton† Neptune I |
1353.4±0.9 | 0.2124 | 10.38 | 0.0096 | 21.5 | 0.00359 | 2.061 | 0.782 | 0.0797 | satellite of Neptune | round | 16 | |
PlutoR 134340 |
1184±10[10] | 0.186 | 6.95 | 0.0066 | 13.105 | 0.0022 | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 0.61 | 0.062 | dwarf planet—plutino—multiple | round | 17 | |
ErisR 136199 |
1163±6[11] | 0.1825 | 6.59 | 0.007 | 16.7[12] | 0.0027 | 2.52 ± 0.05 | 0.659 | 0.0677 | dwarf planet—SDO—binary | round | 18 | |
Titania‡ Uranus III |
788.4±0.6 | 0.1238 | 2.06 | 0.0019 | 3.526 | 0.00059 | 1.711 ± 0.005 | 0.378 | 0.0385 | satellite of Uranus | round | 19 | |
Rhea‡ Saturn V |
763.8±1.0 | 0.1199 | 1.87 | 0.0017 | 2.3166 | 0.00039 | 1.236 ± 0.005 | 0.26 | 0.027 | satellite of Saturn | round (HE) (disputed) | 20 | |
Oberon† Uranus IV |
761.4±2.6 | 0.1195 | 1.85 | 0.0017 | 3.014 | 0.0005 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 0.347 | 0.035 | satellite of Uranus | round | 21 | |
Iapetus† Saturn VIII |
734.5±2.8 | 0.1152 | 1.55 | 0.0014 | 1.9739 | 0.00033 | 1.088 ± 0.013 | 0.223 | 0.0227 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in technical HE) | 22 | |
MakemakeR 136472 |
715±7 | 0.112 | 1.7 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | dwarf planet—cubewano | round | 23 | ||||||
2007 OR10 225088 |
640±105[13] | 0.1005 | 1.0981 | 0.00101 | resonant KBO (3:10) | unknown | 24 | ||||||
HaumeaR 136108 |
620+34 −29 |
0.097 | 1.3–1.6 | 0.001 | 4.006 | 0.00069 | 2.55[14] | 0.44 | 0.045 | dwarf planet—resonant KBO (7:12)—trinary | round (scalene ellipsoid) | 25 | |
Charon† Pluto I |
603.5±1.5 | 0.0947 | 0.87 | 0.0008 | 1.52 | 0.00025 | 1.65 ± 0.06 | 0.279 | 0.028 | satellite of Pluto | round | 26 | |
Umbriel† Uranus II |
584.7±2.8 | 0.0918 | 0.84 | 0.0008 | 1.2 | 0.00020 | 1.39 ± 0.16 | 0.234 | 0.024 | satellite of Uranus | round | 27 | |
Ariel ‡ Uranus I |
File:Color Image of Ariel as seen from Voyager 2.jpg | 578.9±0.6 | 0.0909 | 0.81 | 0.0008 | 1.35 | 0.00022 | 1.66 ± 0.15 | 0.269 | 0.027 | satellite of Uranus | round | 28 |
Dione† Saturn IV |
561.4±0.4 | 0.0881 | 0.73 | 0.0007 | 1.096 | 0.000183 | 1.478 ± 0.003 | 0.232 | 0.0236 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in technical HE) | 29 | |
Quaoar 50000 |
555±3 | 0.0871 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0003 | 2.2 ± 0.4[15] | 0.125 | cubewano—binary | unknown | 30 | ||||
Tethys‡ Saturn III |
531.1±0.6 | 0.0834 | 0.624 | 0.0006 | 0.6173 | 0.000103 | 0.984 ± 0.003[16] | 0.145 | 0.015 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in technical HE) | 31 | |
SednaRA 90377 |
500±80 | 0.0785 | sednoid[17] | unknown | 32 | ||||||||
Ceres‡ 1 |
481.5[18] | 0.0736 | 0.433 | 0.0004 | 0.939[18] | 0.000157 | 2.17 | 0.29 | 0.030 | dwarf planet—belt asteroid | round | 33 | |
2002 MS4 307261 |
467±24 | 0.0733 | cubewano[17] | unknown | 34 | ||||||||
OrcusR 90482 |
458±13 | 0.0719 | 2.47[19] | plutino—binary | unknown | 35 | |||||||
Salacia 120347 |
425±23 | 0.0667 | 0.45 ± ? | 1.16+0.59 −0.36[20] |
cubewano—binary | unknown | 36 |
Objects between ≈400 and ≈200 km in radius
Most objects in this size range are expected to be round. All measured satellites except Proteus are round, though those that have their shapes carefully measured are not in technical hydrostatic equilibrium (HE). The asteroid 10 Hygiea is not, and 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta are borderline. Like the satellites, TNOs in this size range are expected to be round, assuming the estimated size is correct.
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1021 kg (Yg) |
Density g/cm3 |
Type of object | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 AW197R 55565 |
380±20 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2013 FY27 | 376 | SDO | unknown | |||
2003 AZ84R 208996 |
360±30 | plutino—binary | unknown | |||
2002 UX25R 55637 |
350±10 | 0.82[21] | cubewano—binary | unknown | ||
Varda9 174567 |
350±40 | cubewano—binary | unknown | |||
2004 GV9R 90568 |
340±40 | cubewano | unknown | |||
Dysnomia Eris I |
340±30 | satellite of Eris | unknown | |||
2005 RN439 145452 |
340±40 | cubewano | unknown | |||
Varuna* 20000 |
334[22] | 0.37 | 0.992[14] | cubewano | unknown | |
IxionR 28978 |
325+130 −110 |
plutino | unknown | |||
2007 JJ43 278361 |
ca. 300 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2007 UK1269 229762 |
300±40 | SDO | unknown | |||
Chaos 19521 |
300±70 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 KZ39 | ca. 300 | cubewano[23] | unknown | |||
2012 VP113 | ca. 300 | sednoid | unknown | |||
2010 RF43 | ca. 300 | SDO | unknown | |||
2005 RM439 145451 |
ca. 300 | SDO | unknown | |||
2001 UR1639 42301 |
ca. 300 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2002 TC302 84522 |
290±50 | resonant KBO (2:5) | unknown | |||
2003 UZ4139 | ca. 280 | plutino | unknown | |||
2008 ST291 | ca. 280 | SDO | unknown | |||
2010 RE64 | ca. 280 | SDO | unknown | |||
2010 FX86 | ca. 280 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2002 XV93 | 280±10 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2006 QH1819 | ca. 280 | SDO | unknown | |||
Pallas$ 2 |
270±10 | 0.211 | 2.8[24] | belt asteroid | uncertain | |
2014 UM33 | ca. 270 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2004 XR190 | ca. 270 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
Vesta$ 4 |
262.7±0.1[25] | 0.259076±0.000001 | 3.456[25] | belt asteroid | formerly round (not in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape and large impact basins)[26][27] | |
2003 VS2 84922 |
260±20 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2004 TY364* 120348 |
ca. 260 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 VK201 | ca. 260 | cubewano[17] | unknown | |||
2014 FT71 | ca. 253 | unknown | ||||
2003 QX113 | ca. 250 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2014 FC69 | ca. 250 | |||||
Enceladus‡ Saturn II |
252.1±0.2 | 0.1080±0.0001 | 1.609±0.005 | satellite of Saturn | round (not in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape) | |
2005 UQ5139 202421 |
250±40 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 TY53 | unknown | extended centaur[17] | unknown | |||
2011 GM27 | unknown | SDO | unknown | |||
2006 HH123 | unknown | unknown | unknown | |||
2010 TJ | unknown | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2010 VZ98 | unknown | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2011 FW62 | unknown | cubewano | unknown | |||
2010 EK139 | 240±70 | SDO | unknown | |||
Miranda‡ Uranus V |
235.8±0.7 | 0.0659±0.0075 | 1.20±0.15 | satellite of Uranus | round | |
2005 TB190 145480 |
230±30 | detached object[17] | unknown | |||
1999 DE9 26375 |
230±20 | resonant KBO (2:5) | unknown | |||
2003 FY128 120132 |
230±10 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
HuyaR 38628 |
229±5 | plutino | unknown | |||
2002 KX149 119951 |
unknown | cubewano | unknown | |||
2002 VR128 84719 |
220±20 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2002 WC19 119979 |
unknown | twotino—binary | unknown | |||
Hygiea$ 10 |
215±4 | belt asteroid | irregular | |||
Proteus ‡ Neptune VIII (8) |
210±7 | 0.044 | 1.3[28] | satellite of Neptune | irregular | |
2005 QU1829 303775 |
210±40 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
2004 NT33 | 210±40 | cubewano[17] | unknown | |||
1999 CD158 | ca. 210 | resonant KBO (4:7) | unknown | |||
2004 PF115 175113 |
203±43 | plutino | unknown | |||
1998 SN165* 35671 |
200±20 | cubewano | unknown | |||
2001 QF298 | 200±20 | plutino[17] | unknown | |||
2000 YW134* 82075 |
ca. 200 | SDO[17] | unknown | |||
1996 GQ21* 26181 |
ca. 200 | SDO[17] | unknown |
Selected objects between 200 and 100 km in radius
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Haumea |
Objects between 200 and 100 km in radius (400 and 200 km in diameter). The largest of these may lie above the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium, but most are irregular. Most of the trans-Neptunian objects listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have "assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09" since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments. Mass switches from 1021 kg to 1018 kg (Zg). Main-belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by (2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU; q > 1.666 AU) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD).[29] This list is not complete, missing many poorly known TNOs.[17]
Body | Image | Mean radius (km) |
Mass ×1018 kg (Zg) |
Type of object | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimas‡ Saturn I |
198.2±0.4 | 37.49±0.03 | satellite of Saturn | round (smallest known body currently known to have an ellipsoidal shape, but not in hydrostatic equilibrium) | |
Hiʻiaka Haumea I |
195[30] | 20 | satellite of Haumea | unknown | |
Vanth Orcus I |
190±50[19] | satellite of Orcus | unknown | ||
Ilmarë Varda I |
180±20 | satellite of Varda | unknown | ||
1996 TL66 15874 |
170±10 | SDO | unknown | ||
Nereid Neptune II |
170±30 | satellite of Neptune | irregular | ||
2004 XA192 230965 |
170±60 | SDO | unknown | ||
2001 FP185 82158 |
166±28 | SDO | unknown | ||
Interamnia M 704 |
163±1 | 37 | belt asteroid—F-type | irregular | |
Europa$ 52 |
158±4 | 16.5 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular[31] | |
1995 SN55 | ca. 150 | Lost—centaur or transient TNO | unknown | ||
Davida$ 511 |
145±10 | 43.8 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular | |
Sylvia$ 87 |
143±5 | 14.78 | belt asteroid (outer)—X-type—trinary | irregular[31] | |
Actaea Salacia I |
140±10 | satellite of 120347 Salacia | unknown | ||
Cybele$ 65 |
136±6 | 17.8 | belt asteroid (outer)—C-type | irregular | |
Juno$ 3 |
136±11[32] | 26.7 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | |
Hyperion Saturn VII |
135±4 | 5.58 | satellite of Saturn | irregular | |
Eunomia$ 15 |
134±7 | 31.2 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | |
Camilla$ 107 |
129±7 | 11.2 | belt asteroid (outer)—C-type—binary | irregular[33] | |
EuphrosyneM 31 |
128±3 | 6.23 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular | |
Psyche$ 16 |
127±2 | 21.9 | belt asteroid—M-type | irregular | |
2005 RR43 145453 |
126[34] | cubewano—Haumea family | unknown | ||
Chariklo 10199 |
124±9 | centaur | unknown—has rings | ||
2007 RW10 309239 |
124±15 | TNO—quasi-satellite of Neptune | unknown | ||
Sila9 79360 |
125±50 | 11 | cubewano—binary (Nunam) | unknown | |
BambergaM 324 |
117±4 | 10 | belt asteroid—C-type | ||
Patientia 451 |
117±5 | belt asteroid | irregular | ||
2001 QC298 | 117+11 −12[35] |
11.88±0.14 (system)[35] | hot classical—binary | unknown | |
Chiron* 2060 95P/Chiron |
116±7 | centaur | unknown—has rings | ||
Thisbe $ 88 |
113±6 | 10.5 M | belt asteroid—B-type | irregular[33] | |
Hektor 624 |
113±8 | 10 | Jupiter trojan (L4)—binary | irregular | |
Ceto 65489 |
112±10 | 5.4[36] | extended centaur—binary | unknown | |
Herculina 532 |
111±2 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | ||
Doris 48 |
111±4 | belt asteroid | irregular | ||
Nunam 79360 |
110±50 | satellite of Sila | unknown | ||
EugeniaM 45 |
107 ± 2 | 5.69 | belt asteroid—F-type—trinary | irregular[31] | |
Phoebe $ Saturn IX |
106.5±0.7 | 8.29±0.01 | satellite of Saturn | formerly round[37] | |
Amphitrite$ 29 |
106±3 | 11.8 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular[31] | |
Bienor 54598 |
105±15 | centaur | unknown | ||
Deucalion 53311 |
ca. 105 | cubewano | unknown | ||
Diotima 423 |
104±3 | belt asteroid—C-type | irregular[38] | ||
EgeriaM 13 |
104±4 | 16.3 | belt asteroid—G-type | irregular | |
Fortuna $ 19 |
104±6 | 12.7 | belt asteroid—G-type | irregular | |
Aurora 94 |
102±2 | belt asteroid | irregular[39] | ||
Iris$ 7 |
100±5 | 13.6 | belt asteroid—S-type | irregular | |
Daphne 41 |
100±5 | belt asteroid | irregular | ||
Themis M 24 |
100±10 | 11.3 | belt asteroid—C-type—Themis family |
Selected objects between 100 and 50 km in radius
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Haumea |
Objects 100 and 50 km in radius (200 km to 100 km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include most objects in the asteroid belt and moons of the giant planets in this size range, but many newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, such as those included in the following reference.[17] Asteroid spectral types are mostly Tholen, but some might be SMASS.
Examples of objects between 50 km and 20 km in radius
There are about 589 asteroids in the asteroid belt with a measured radius between 20 and 50 km.[49] Many thousands of objects of this size range have yet to be discovered in the Trans-Neptunian region. The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures. The table switches from ×1018 kg to ×1015 kg (Eg), and many of these mass values are assumed. (See also: List of minor planets.)
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Pluto |
Examples of objects between 20 km and 1 km in radius
Satellites of Mars |
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
Satellites of Pluto |
Examples of objects below 1 km (1000 m) in radius
Satellites of Jupiter |
Satellites of Saturn |
Satellites of Uranus |
Satellites of Neptune |
In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km,[67] many of which are in the range 0.5–1.0 km. Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km.
Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged. The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe, or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged. Radius is by mean geometric radius. Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures. Mass scale shifts from × 1015 to 1012 kg, which is 1015 grams (Petagram - Pg).
Currently most of the objects of mass between 109 kg to 1012 kg (less than 1000 teragrams (Tg)) listed here are near-Earth asteroids. (See also: List of NEAs by distance from Sun.) 1994 WR12 has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza, 5.9 × 109 kg.
For more about very small objects in the Solar System, see meteoroid, micrometeoroid, and interplanetary dust cloud. (See also Visited/imaged bodies.)
Surface gravity
The surface gravity at the equator of a body can in most cases be accurately calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation and centrifugal force.
The gravitational acceleration at the equator is given by Newton's law of universal gravitation. The formula that follows from this law is:
where
- ag is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration
- G is the gravitational constant
- m is the mass of the celestial body
- r is the equatorial radius of the celestial body (if this varies significantly, the mean equatorial radius is used)
The magnitude of the outward acceleration due to centrifugal force is given by
where
- T is the rotation period of the celestial body
The surface gravity at the equator is then given by
Notes
- † Using equatorial radius and assuming body is spherical
- ‡ Using three radii and assuming body is spheroid
- * Radius is known only very approximately
- R Radius has been determined by various methods, such as optical (Hubble), thermal (Spitzer), or direct imaging via spacecraft
- 9 Unknown radius, generic assumed albedo of 0.09
- $ Well studied asteroid or moon whose dimensions and mass are very well known. Asteroid sizes and masses taken from James Baer's (Bio) personal website.
- M Mass has been determined by perturbation. For asteroids, see James Baer's personal website.
- Note: For many of the well-determined moons, radii were taken from the JPL Solar System Dynamics page.
- O Radius has been determined by an occultation
References
- ^ Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". CalTech. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ D. T. Britt; G. J. Consol-magno SJ; W. J. Merline (2006). "Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ Williams, Dr. David R. (2007-11-23). "Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mike Brown, How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?[1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ NASA - Uranus Facts
- ^ Emilio, M.; Kuhn, J. R.; Bush, R. I.; Scholl, I. F. (2012). "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 135. arXiv:1203.4898. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135.
- ^ Exploring the spatial, temporal, and vertical distribution of methane in Pluto's atmosphere
- ^ "Size, density, albedo and atmosphere limit of dwarf planet Eris from a stellar occultation" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts. 6. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1126/science.1139415 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1126/science.1139415
instead. - ^ Santos-Sanz, P., Lellouch, E., Fornasier, S., Kiss, C., Pal, A., Müller, T. G., Vilenius, E., Stansberry, J., Mommert, M., Delsanti, A., Mueller, M., Peixinho, N., Henry, F., Ortiz, J. L., Thirouin, A., Protopapa, S., Duffard, R., Szalai, N., Lim, T., Ejeta, C., Hartogh, P., Harris, A. W., & Rengel, M. (2012). "TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV - Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS
- ^ a b Pedro Lacerda and David C. Jewitt - Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves (2006)- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822
- ^ S. Fornasier, E. Lellouch, T. Müller, P. Santos-Sanz, P. Panuzzo, C. Kiss, T. Lim, M. Mommert, D. Bockelée-Morvan, E. Vilenius, J. Stansberry, G.P. Tozzi, S. Mottola, A. Delsanti, J. Crovisier, R. Duffard, F. Henry, P. Lacerda, A. Barucci, A. Gicquel (2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 μm". arXiv:1305.0449.
{{cite arXiv}}
: Unknown parameter|version=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009, p. 765, Tables 24.1–2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Wm. Robert Johnston (20 August 2011). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
- ^ a b Rayman, Marc D. (28 May 2015). "Dawn Journal, May 28, 2015". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117486, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201117486
instead. - ^ J.A. Stansberry. "Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea and (42355) Typhon–Echidna". Elsevier. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ^ M.E. Brown, 2013, "The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets"
- ^ Lorenzi, V.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J. P.; Dalle Ore, C. M.; Emery (24 January 2014). "Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of (20000) Varuna in the near-infrared" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ "2010 KZ39". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Schmidt, B. E.; et al. (2008). "Hubble takes a look at Pallas: Shape, size, and surface" (PDF). 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX). Held March 10–14, 2008, in League City, Texas. 1391: 2502. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
- ^ a b Russell, C. T.; et al. (2012). "Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm". Science. 336 (6082): 684. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1219381.
- ^ Fu, R. R.; Hager, B. H.; Ermakov, A.I.; Zuber, M.T. (2013). "Early Viscous Relaxation of Asteroid Vesta and Implications for Late Impact-Driven Despinning" (PDF). 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 2115.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Asmar, S. W.; Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T. (2012). "The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure" (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 2600.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2006-07-13. Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "JPL definition of Main-belt Asteroid (MBA)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015011, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201015011
instead. - ^ a b c d e f g M. Kaasalainen (2002). "Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data" (PDF). Icarus. 159 (2): 369. Bibcode:2002Icar..159..369K. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6907. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ [4]
- ^ a b J. Torppa; et al. (2003). "Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data" (PDF). Icarus. 164 (2): 346. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..346T. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|author-separator=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c Carry, Benoit; Snodgrass, Colin; Lacerda, Pedro; Hainaut, Olivier; Dumas, Christophe (16 July 2012). "Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family: II. Follow-up observations" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544. EDP Sciences. arXiv:1207.6491. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A.137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219044. Retrieved 8 June 2014. Cite error: The named reference "Carry2012" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations
- ^ a b Grundy, W.M.; Stansberry, J.A.; Noll K.S.; Stephens, D.C.; et al. (2007). "The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur". Icarus. arXiv:0704.1523. Bibcode:2007Icar..191..286G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.004.
- ^ JPL/NASA, 2012 Apr 26. Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities
- ^ Durech., J.; Kaasalainen, M., Marciniak, A.; et al., "Physical models of ten asteroids from an observers' collaboration network", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 465, Issue 1, April I 2007, pp. 331-337
- ^ [Planetary occultations: 2001 results|http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora]
- ^ F. Marchis; et al. (2006). "Shape, size and multiplicity of main-belt asteroids I. Keck Adaptive Optics survey". Icarus. 185 (1): 39–63. Bibcode:2006Icar..185...39M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.001. PMC 2600456. PMID 19081813.
- ^ Emelyanov, N.V.; Archinal, B. A.; A’hearn, M. F.; et al. (2005). "The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 (3): L33–L36. Bibcode:2005A&A...438L..33E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500143.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1006/icar.2001.6597 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1006/icar.2001.6597
instead. - ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 566 Stereoskopia (1905 QO)" (2010-06-24 last obs). Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 20461 Dioretsa
- ^ Tedesco; et al. (2004). "Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS)". IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Planetary Data System. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ^ Michalak, G. (2001). "Determination of asteroid masses". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 374 (2): 703–711. Bibcode:2001A&A...374..703M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010731. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ^ Bange, J.F; A. Bec-Borsenberger (1997). "DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF MINOR PLANETS" (PDF): 169. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Spitale, J. N.; et al. (2006). "The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (2): 692–710. Bibcode:2006AJ....132..692S. doi:10.1086/505206. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
- ^ Jonathan Amos - Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris (4 October 2010) - BBC News Template:WebCite
- ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 60558 Echeclus (2000 EC98)" (2008-05-07 last obs). Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ^ a b Thomas 2010.
- ^ Britt, D. T.; Yeomans, D. K.; Housen, K.; Consolmagno, G. (2002). "Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure" (PDF). Asteroids III. Tucson: University of Arizona: 485–500. Bibcode:2002aste.conf..485B. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser 1655 Comas Sola". NASA. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=
(help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025
instead. - ^ a b Porco, C. C.; et al. (2007). "Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins". Science. 318 (5856): 1602–1607. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1602P. doi:10.1126/science.1143977. PMID 18063794. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ F. Marchis; et al. (2003). "A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope". Icarus. 165 (1): 112. Bibcode:2003Icar..165..112M. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00195-7. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2000 Herschel
- ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser 32P/Comas Sola". NASA. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- ^ [5]
- ^ Using the volume of an ellipsoid of 15x8x8km * an assumed rubble pile density of 0.6 g/cm3 yields a mass (m=d*v) of ~3.02E+14 kg
- ^ P. Thomas - The Nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1: Shape & Geology From Two Flybys
- ^ H. U. Keller, et all - E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta - Science 8 January 2010: Vol. 327. no. 5962, pp. 190 - 193 doi:10.1126/science.1179559
- ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&Display=Facts&System=Metric
- ^ "Comet Hyakutake Home Page (JPL)". .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Diane Ainsworth. "RADAR IMAGES CAPTURE BIG, SLOWLY TUMBLING ASTEROID". NASA/JPL Media Relations Office. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
- ^ Tedesco, Edward; Metcalfe, Leo (April 4, 2002). "New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed" (Press release). European Space Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ^ Asteroid Data Archive, Archive Planetary Science Institute
- ^ NASA - 2007 PA8
- ^ Minor Planet No. 100,000 Named for Space Age 50th Anniversary (2007) - Space Ref, Quote: "..about a mile in size"
- ^ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 100000 Astronautica
- ^ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Lisse, C. M.; Fernandez; Reach; Bauer; A'Hearn; Farnham; et al. (2009). "Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 121: 968–975. arXiv:0906.4733. Bibcode:2009PASP..121..968L. doi:10.1086/605546.
- ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 14827 Hypnos (1986 JK)". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Whitman, Kathryn; Alessandro Morbidelli; Robert Jedicke (2006). "The Size-Frequency Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets". arXiv:astro-ph/0603106. Bibcode:2006Icar..183..101W. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.016.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ Benner, et al. - Radar Detection of Near-Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN (1997)
- ^ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Based on an assumed density of 2.6 g/cm3 as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html Template:WebCite
- ^ BBC - Giant asteroid passes near Earth - 9 November 2011
- ^ M.W. Busch; et al. (March 31, 2012). "Shape and Spin of Near-Earth Asteroid 308635 (2005 YU55) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking" (PDF). LPI. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ JPL Small-Body Database Browser (2005 YU55)
- ^ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ ESA (January 9, 2013). "Herschel intercepts asteroid Apophis". European Space Agency (ESA). Retrieved 2013-01-09.
- ^ "NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid". NASA/JPL. 2008-01-25. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ NASA - 1994 WR12 Earth Impact Risk Summary - 2011
- ^ a b 2009 FD Impact Risk
- ^ a b c BBC News - Record spin for newfound asteroid (2008) Template:WebCite
- ^ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
Further reading
- NASA Planetary Data System (PDS)
- Asteroids with Satellites
- Minor Planet discovery circumstances
- Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) and IRAS Minor Planet Survey (IMPS)
- SIMPS & IMPS (V6, additional, from here)
- Asteroid Data Archive (dead link) Archive Planetary Science Institute
External links
- Planetary fact sheets
- Asteroid fact sheet
- All (known) Bodies in the Solar System Larger than 200 Miles in Diameter - in an image, put side-by-side.
- Size comparison of asteroids and comets visited by space probe (Parent article of image at The Planetary Society)
- Scaled Solar System montage at TPS Blog