Water drums are a category of membranophone characterized by the filling of the drum chamber with some amount of water to create a unique resonant sound. Water drums are used all over the world, but are found most prominently in a ceremonial as well as social role in the Indigenous music of North America, as well as in African music. The drums are most often made from a pot of clay, ceramic, wood or metal, with a small amount of liquid inside and topped with drum head consisting of a stretched membrane, usually of some type of animal hide.
Water drumming, the tambor de agua (Spanish: drum of water), bungo, or liquindi, of African origin, is water, such as a river, which is played by striking the surface directly with one's hands. It is performed by the Baka in Africa, and in South America by the descendants of formerly enslaved people, with strokes comparable to the culoepuya.
Construction[edit]
Historically, water drums have most often been made with a body of wood or clay, with a skin drum head. Wooden water drums are by made either hollowing out a solid section of a small soft wood log, or assembled using cedar slats and banded like a wooden keg. Clay drums are either handmade for this purpose, or an old crock is used. Wyandot, Seneca, and Cayuga people traditionally use groundhog skin (daˀyęh) for the drum head, though deer skin is also sometimes used. An Iroquoian or Wendat/Wyandot drum stick is carved from a piece of hardwood with a small rounded tip. The tone of the drum changes based on the amount of water in the vessel, as well as how tight or loose the head is.[1]
Modern Native American Church ceremonies often use a water drum made from iron, brass or copper kettle. These styles of water drum are now more common than the traditional woodland forms.[2] The distinctive sound of the drum characteristic of the Native American Church is created because: "The water inside is in constant motion and produces a special resonance. The player's thumb, pressed against the drum head, holds the tone at a constant pitch which then drops a fifth or more when the pressure is relaxed between songs."[3]
Use[edit]
Native American[edit]
Water drums are common in Native American music, and are used ceremonially among Indigenous peoples of both North and South America.[4]
North America[edit]
In North America, Iroquois, Navajo, Cherokee, Muscogee, and Apache peoples use water drums in music,[5] and they are used both ceremonially and in traditional Longhouse social dances among the Huron/Wendat/Wyandot and Iroquois/Haudenosaune peoples.[citation needed] The Ojibwa, Odawa and Pottawatomii traditionally call the drums midegwakikoon,[6][7] with "Mide" referring to the Midewiwin medicine societies. Water drums are used in Yaqui deer dance music, representing the deer's heartbeat.[citation needed]
South America[edit]
In South America, the cataquí is a water drum used by the Toba (aka Qom), Wichí, Pilagá, Chorote and Nivaclé cultures in the South American Gran Chaco region.[8] The cataquí is made from a hollowed out tree trunk or ceramic pot, into which water is poured. The mouth is closed with a leather skin, made from corzuela hide (Red brocket deer skin), which is hit with a single stick.[8][9] The cataquí has been used in ceremonies, including the carob, and has also been used in calling songs at dances, for couples to form.[8]
Africa[edit]
In Central Africa, water drums are the major component of Baka music.[10] In some areas of the Congo and Cameroon its use is reserved for women, specifically women hunters, and used in the ceremonies they hold before they go on hunts.[10]
In Tuareg music, the askalabo[11] is a calabash "partly submerged in water, drummed to mimic camels' hooves".[12]
Pop culture[edit]
Since approximately 2006, the American heavy metal band, Mushroomhead have used nontraditional water drums in their live show - mainly for visual purposes.[13][14]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ King, Claire. "Tuning the Water Drum". From Cradleboard to Motherboard. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ Shore, Alexa. "History of the Seminole Tribe". FSU World Music Online. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ McAllester, David (2008). Kevin Yazzie: Faith: Harmonized Peyote Songs of the Native American Church, liner notes. Canyon Records.
- ^ McAllester, David P. (1996). "North America/Native America", Worlds of Music, p.56. Titon, Jeff Todd, ed. Schirmer. ISBN 0-02-872612-X.
- ^ Green, Rayna; Fernandez, Melanie (September 1, 1999). The British Museum Encyclopedia of Native North America. Indiana University. p. 56. ISBN 9780253213396. OCLC 42374306.
- ^ Depasquale, Paul; Eigenbrod, Renate; and Larocque, Emma; eds. (2009). Across Cultures/Across Borders: Canadian Aboriginal and Native American Literatures, unpaginated. Broadview. ISBN 9781460403037. "Mitigwakikoog (Little Boy Midé Water Drums)."
- ^ Nichols, John D. (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe, p.88. U of Minnesota. ISBN 9781452901992. "mitigwakik na Mide drum; pl mitigwakikong; dim mitigwakikoons
- ^ a b c "Tambor de agua". Museo Virtual de Instrumentos Musicales, Instituto Nacional de Musicología. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Tambor de agua". 23 November 2017.
[Picture of a clay-bodied cataquí drum with leather head]
- ^ a b "The Liquindi water drumming of Central Africa reserved for women hunters". 29 April 2019.
- ^ Peek, Philip M.; Yankah, Kwesi, eds. (2004). African Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781135948726.
- ^ Davies, Sam (1 August 2019). "'My father said I should be looking after the cows': the first female Tuareg guitarist". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ "Stitch of Mushroomhead Interview October 6, 2010", MuenMagazine.net.
- ^ "Slipknot, Mushroomhead Members Perform Together In Minnesota (Video)", Blabbermouth.net.
External links[edit]
- Documentary: Water Drums, An Ancestral Encounter (2009). AWA Producciones.