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Further information: Native American mascot controversy
Main article: List of sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples
1930 Football ticket stub depicting the former Stanford Indian mascot
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The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and in Canada. The documents most often cited to justify the trend for change are an advisory opinion by the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 2001[1] and a resolution by the American Psychological Association in 2005.[2] Both support the views of Native American organizations and individuals that such mascots maintain harmful stereotypes that are discriminatory and cause harm by distorting the past and preventing understanding of Native American/First Nations peoples in the present. Such practices are seen as particularly harmful in schools and universities, which have the stated purpose of promoting ethnic diversity and inclusion.[1] This view lead to the NCAA adopting a policy to eliminate "hostile and abusive" names and mascots. However some changes began in the 1970s in response to the Native American civil rights movement, led by the National Congress of American Indians.[3]

Defenders of the current usage often state their intention to honor Native Americans by referring to positive traits, such as fighting spirit and being aggressive, brave, stoic, dedicated, and proud; while opponents see these traits as being based upon stereotypes of Native Americans as savages.[4] Supporters also claim that the issue is not important, being only about sports, and that the opposition is nothing more than "political correctness", which change advocates argue ignores the extensive evidence of harmful effects of stereotypes and bias. These advocates ignore other, non-Indian tribal names, such as ‘Vikings’.[5]

Canada[edit]

The Department of Educational Foundations at the University of Saskatchewan passed a resolution calling for the retirement of all school mascots and logos that depict First Nations people.[6]

There was debate at McGill University in the 2010s over the use of the name "Redmen" for men's varsity sports teams, which alumni say originated as a reference to the school colors and the Celtic heritage of its founder before late becoming associated with First Nation's names and imagery which were removed from use in the 1990s. (The women's teams, though by the 2010s long since re-dubbed "Marlets", had previously been known as the "Squaws".)[7] Others, including indigenous students and Washington State University professor C. Richard King, argue that the name itself is generally used as a disparaging term for indigenous peoples, reinforcing stereotypes and white settler culture.[8] McGill principal and vice chancellor Suzanne Fortier announced that the university would refer to its men's teams as "the McGill teams" during the 2019–20 academic year while deciding on a new name.[9] Since 2020–21, McGill men's teams have been known as the "Redbirds", while women's sports programs continue to use the name "Martlets", which was not the subject of controversy.[10]

Seneca College in Toronto, Ontario changed from the Braves to "The Sting" in 2000.

Mexico[edit]

Aztecas UDLAP ("Aztecs") is the name of the sports teams that represent the Universidad de las Américas Puebla (UDLAP).

United States[edit]

NCAA policy[edit]

Main article: NCAA Native American mascot decision

In 2005 the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) distributed a "self evaluation" to 31 colleges for teams to examine the use of potentially offensive imagery with their mascot choice.[11] Subsequently, 19 teams were cited as having potentially "hostile or abusive" names, mascots, or images, that would be banned from displaying them during post-season play, and prohibited from hosting tournaments.[12]

Schools that removed all references to Native American culture or were deemed not to have references to Native American culture as part of their athletics programs:

Schools granted waivers to retain their nicknames after gaining support from those respective tribes:

The NCAA did not cite San Diego State University, San Diego, California as "hostile and abusive" due to the Aztec people having no modern representatives. A SDSU professor of American Indian Studies states that the mascot teaches the mistaken idea that Aztecs were a local tribe rather than living in Mexico 1,000 miles from San Diego.[18] In April 2017, the university's Associated Students council rejected a resolution to retire the mascot introduced by the Native American Student Association.[19] In May 2021, the San Diego State University Senate passed a resolution to replace the Aztec Warrior mascot image and to create an advisory council to choose a new mascot consistent with local Kumeyaay traditional narratives.[20]

Other current usage (non-NCAA)[edit]

Prior usage[edit]

Old Name School City, State Year Changed New Name Notes
Apaches Illinois Valley Community College Oglesby, Illinois 2001 Eagle
Apaches Southwestern College Chula Vista, California 2001 Jaguars Community College
Beothuk Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada 1987 Sea-Hawks The Beothuk aboriginal peoples became extinct in 1829 and the university deemed the use of the Beothuk name to be offensive
Braves Bradley University Peoria, Illinois 2005 While the nickname has never changed, all Native American imagery has been removed. The logo is now a block B and the mascot is a gargoyle.
Braves Chowan University Murfreesboro, North Carolina 2006 Hawks
Braves Husson College Bangor, Maine 2004 Eagles [23]
Braves University of West Georgia Carrollton, Georgia 2006 Wolves
Braves Quinnipiac University Hamden, Connecticut 2002 Bobcats
Brown Indians/Squaws St. Bonaventure University Allegany (town), New York 1992 Bonnies
Chief Ouabache Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana 1989 N/A The team name was always the Sycamores; Chief Ouabache and "Indian Princess" were the on-field mascots from 1969 to 1989.
Chiefs Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1998 Stars
Chiefs Springfield College Springfield, Massachusetts 1995 Pride Change was made voluntarily without protest on either side.[24]
Chiefs University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, Massachusetts 1991 River Hawks Change occurred with merger of University of Lowell into the UMass system
Chieftains Seattle University Seattle, Washington 2000 Redhawks "H" is NOT capitalized here, unlike the case with Miami's nickname.
Chieftains Stonehill College Easton, Massachusetts 2005 Skyhawks In late 2002, The Strategic Planning Committee of Stonehill College determined that the mascot was disrespectful to American Indians and decided that it would be changed. After discussion, the mascot was changed to the Skyhawk in 2005.[25]
Fighting Sioux University of North Dakota Grand Forks, North Dakota 2012 Fighting Hawks The "Fighting Sioux" nickname was retired in 2012, but the state passed a law prohibiting the university from adopting a new nickname until January 2015. In November of that year, following two rounds of fan voting, the current nickname of Fighting Hawks was chosen and immediately adopted. For more information, see North Dakota Fighting Sioux controversy.
Hurons Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti, Michigan 1991 Eagles (The mascot is "Swoop") The change remained controversial as some students and alumni sought to restore it. In 2012, the university president brought back the Hurons logo, which was placed inside a flap of the band uniforms, along with another historic logo, with the stated intent of recognizing the past. However, the return of the Hurons logo has prompted protests from Native Americans at the university and in the local community, who state that the old mascot promotes stereotypes and hostility.[26][27]
Indians Adams State University Alamosa, Colorado 1997 Grizzlies [28]
Indians Arkansas State University Jonesboro, Arkansas 2008 Red Wolves
Indians University of Wisconsin–La Crosse La Crosse, Wisconsin 1989 Eagles
Indians University of the Cumberlands Williamsburg, Kentucky 2002 Patriots Originally Cumberland College, name changed 2005
Indians Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire 1974 Big Green Indians was not official, and the current "unofficial" mascot is Keggy the Keg.
Indians Juniata College Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 1994 Eagles [29]
Indians Midwestern State University Wichita Falls, Texas 2006 Mustangs
Indians Martin Methodist College Pulaski, Tennessee 2002 Redhawks[30]
Indians McMurry University Abilene, Texas 2006 War Hawks
Indians Minnesota State University, Mankato Mankato, Minnesota 1977 Mavericks
Indians Montclair State University Montclair, New Jersey 1989 Red Hawks [31]
Indians University of Nebraska Omaha Omaha, Nebraska 1971 Mavericks
Indians University of Louisiana at Monroe Monroe, Louisiana 2006 Warhawks "Chief Brave Spirit" mascot also retired
Indians Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana County, Pennsylvania 2007 Crimson Hawks
Indians Newberry College Newberry, South Carolina 2008 Wolves
Indians University of Southern Colorado Pueblo, Colorado 1995 ThunderWolves [32]
Indians Stanford University Stanford, California 1972 Cardinal Stanford had the "Indian" as its mascot from 1930 to 1972. In 1981 the "Cardinal" was selected to honor the university athletic team color. The symbol of the Stanford Band is the "Stanford Tree."[33]
Indians Siena College Loudonville, New York 1988 Saints
Indians College of William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 1978 Tribe Mascot is the Griffin
Indians Yakima Valley Community College Yakima, Washington 1998 Yaks[30]
Indians and Otahkians Southeast Missouri State University Cape Girardeau, Missouri 2004 Redhawks
Indiens Collège Ahuntsic Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2019[34] Aigles (Eagles)
Maroon Chiefs Morningside College Sioux City, Iowa 1998 Mustangs [30]
Moccasins University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee 1996 Mocs "Scrappy the Mockingbird" in honor of coach Andy Moore.[30] Prior mascot was Chief Moccanooga.
Mohawks Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts North Adams, Massachusetts 2002 Trailblazers
Old Siwash Knox College Galesburg, Illinois 1994 Prairie Fire Mascot is the Fox
Plainsmen Nebraska Wesleyan University Lincoln, Nebraska 2000 Prairie Wolves
Red Raiders Colgate University Hamilton (village), New York 2001 Raiders
Red Raiders Southern Oregon University Ashland, Oregon 1980 Raiders/Red Tailed Hawk[30]
Red Men/Lady Reds Carthage College Kenosha, Wisconsin 2005 Firebirds In 2020, Carthage's board of trustees unanimously voted to retire the name Red Men/Lady Reds and the mascot "Torchie" from Carthage athletics and will compete as Carthage Athletics during the 2020–21 academic year. A new team name and mascot will be approved and announced prior to the 2021–22 academic year.[35]
Redmen University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) Amherst, Massachusetts 1972 Minutemen and Minutewomen According to the University Redmen referred to the color of uniforms worn by the athletics teams
Redmen Northeastern State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 2006 RiverHawks Founded as the Cherokee National Female Seminary. T-shirts with the old "Redman" mascot continue to be sold.[36]
Redmen Ripon College Ripon, Wisconsin 1992 Red Hawks Initially changed to "The Red" for two years before changing to the current name in 1994.[37]
Redmen St. John's University New York City 1995 Red Storm Although the school's website indicated that the name did not originally refer to American Indians, but to the school color; some athletics logos used an Indian character as late as the 1980s. The university was pressured to change by American Indian groups who considered Redmen a slur.[38]
Redmen and Lady Reds Simpson College Indianola, Iowa 1992 The Storm
Redmen and Redwomen University of Rio Grande Rio Grande, Ohio 2008 RedStorm
Redskins Miami University Oxford, Ohio 1997 RedHawks The university began discussions regarding the propriety of the Redskins name and images in 1972, and changed its team nickname to the RedHawks in 1996.[39]
Redskins Southern Nazarene University Bethany, Oklahoma 1998 Crimson Storm
Savages Dickinson State University Dickinson, North Dakota 1972 Blue Hawks
Savages Eastern Washington University Cheney, Washington 1973 Eagles
Savages Southeastern Oklahoma State University Durant, Oklahoma 2006 Savage Storm
Warrior Syracuse University Syracuse, New York 1978 Otto the Orange The "Saltine Warrior" represented Syracuse from 1931 until 1978. After a brief attempt to use a Roman warrior mascot, Otto the Orange was introduced in 1980 and became official in 1990.
Warriors Hartwick College Oneonta, New York 1994 Hawks
Warriors Marquette University Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1994 Golden Eagles Marquette retired the mascot "Willie Wampum" in 1971,[40] and changed their team name from the Warriors to the Golden Eagles in 1994. The school's president stated: "We live in a different era than when the Warriors nickname was selected in 1954. The perspective of time has shown us that our actions, intended or not, can offend others. We must not knowingly act in a way that others will believe, based on their experience, to be an attack on their dignity as fellow human beings."[41]
Zias Eastern New Mexico University Portales, New Mexico 2015 Greyhounds The women's teams are reverting to the name used prior to the 1970s, which is the same as the men's teams.[42]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Statement of the United States Commission on Civil Rights on the use of Native American images and nicknames as sports symbols". 2001. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  2. ^ "Summary of the Resolution Recommending Retirement of American Indian Mascots". American Psychological Association. 2005.
  3. ^ Hylton, J Gordon (2010-01-01). "Before the Redskins Were the Redskins: The Use of Native American Team Names in the Formative Era of American Sports, 1857–1933". North Dakota Law Review. 86: 879.
  4. ^ Davis, Laurel R. "The problems with Native American mascots". Multicultural Education. 9 (4): 11–14. ISSN 1068-3844. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  5. ^ Barbara E. Munson (2010). "2. Teaching Them Respect Not Racism: Common Themes and Questions About the Use of "Indian" Logos". In C. Richard King (ed.). The Native American Mascot Controversy: A Handbook. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6731-4.
  6. ^ "Staff at Saskatchewan university calls for end of First Nations logos, mascots". CTVNews.ca. November 16, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  7. ^ J.M. Nelson (October 31, 2018). "Opinion: McGill's Redmen team name should remain". Montreal Gazette.
  8. ^ Christopher Curtis (November 7, 2018). "McGill Redmen: U.S. scholar says name reinforces white settler society". Montreal Gazette.
  9. ^ Tom Schad (April 12, 2019). "McGill University drops 'Redmen' name amid criticism". USA TODAY.
  10. ^ "The McGill Redbirds: new name for a new era to wear, and cheer for with pride". McGill University. 17 November 2020.
  11. ^ Brutlag Hosick, Michelle (March 14, 2005). "Mascot matter fits into proper-environment discussion". The NCAA News. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  12. ^ Brand, Myles (October 24, 2005). "NCAA correctly positioned as a catalyst for social change". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  13. ^ "NCAA says Catawba College can use Indians nickname". May 30, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  14. ^ Doug Lederman (September 6, 2005). "Two More Universities Off NCAA's Mascot List". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  15. ^ Wieberg, Steve (2005-08-12). "Fla. State gets backing". USA Today.
  16. ^ "NCAA: Mississippi College Can Keep Choctaws Nickname". Diverse: Issues in Higher Education. Associated Press. February 23, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  17. ^ "NCAA takes Utah off banned mascots list". ESPN. Associated Press. September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  18. ^ Gary Warth. "SDSU professor revives fight to change Aztec mascot". San Diego Union-Tribune.
  19. ^ Berteaux, Anthony (19 April 2017). "The San Diego State Aztecs mascot debate is over — for now". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  20. ^ Tuccinardi, Brenden (2021-05-04). "University Senate resolution will create new SDSU mascot". The Daily Aztec. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  21. ^ "About Bacone College".
  22. ^ Betsy Z. Russell (December 8, 2015). "Tribal leaders say school mascot issue comes down to respect". The Spokesman-Review.
  23. ^ "Husson completes mascot transformation to Eagles Nickname is fourth since college's founding in 1898".
  24. ^ Ron Chimelis (October 14, 2015). "'Redskins' controversy is about obstinacy".
  25. ^ "Why a Skyhawk?". Stonehill College. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  26. ^ Kozlowski, Kim (June 16, 2015). "Native Americans rally against Hurons logo at EMU". The Detroit News.
  27. ^ Jesse, David (June 16, 2015). "Community wants logo off EMU band uniforms". Detroit Free Press.
  28. ^ "Proposed ASU Logo Change Emphasizes Athletics".
  29. ^ Kissel, Kelly (February 20, 1994). "College Wants A New Nickname, But Some Prefer Current `Indians'". The Seattle Times.
  30. ^ a b c d e "Sport teams that retired Native American mascots, nicknames". Sporting News. October 12, 2015.
  31. ^ "Montclair State Athletic Logo History (PDF)" (PDF). Montclair State University. 3 February 2012.
  32. ^ Roper, Peter (April 4, 1995). "Thunderwolves". The Pueblo Chieftain.
  33. ^ Luukas Ilves. "Anatomy of a Revolution: A brief history of the Stanford Indian". The Stanford Review. Archived from the original on 2016-12-28.
  34. ^ "Collège Ahuntsic ditches 'indiens' team name and logo". CBC News. October 17, 2019.
  35. ^ "Carthage Retires Red Men, Lady Reds as Its Athletic Team Names".
  36. ^ "Sales of 'old' mascot may rankle, but not stopped". Tahlequah Daily Press. September 9, 2016.
  37. ^ "Centennial Celebration Mascot Profile: Ripon Red Hawks". Midwest Conference. 11 November 2020.
  38. ^ "Use of Indians As Mascots To Be Subject Of an Inquiry". The New York Times. July 9, 1998. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  39. ^ "Mascot Story". Miami University. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  40. ^ "Willie Wampum".
  41. ^ "Trustees announce new nickname selection process". Marquette University. May 11, 2005. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
  42. ^ Daniel Trujillo (April 24, 2015). "Eastern New Mexico University does away with Zia mascot". KRQE News.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_sports_team_names_and_mascots_derived_from_indigenous_peoples