Cayuse is an extinct unclassified language once spoken by the Cayuse people (autonym: Liksiyu[1]) of Oregon.
| Cayuse | |
|---|---|
 Pre-contact distribution of the Cayuse language | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Oregon |
| Ethnicity | Cayuse |
| Extinct | 1930s[2] |
Unclassified | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xcy |
xcy | |
| Glottolog | cayu1241 |
 Cayuse is an extinct language according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[3] | |
Waiilatpuan family[edit]
The first written vocabulary of the Cayuse language was published by Horatio Hale in 1846. As a member of the United States Exploring Expedition, he had visited the Pacific Northwest in 1841. Missionary Marcus Whitman was credited for providing "much valuable information" about the Cayuse people and other natives nearby Waiilatpu.[4] In his Waiilatpuan language family, Hale put Cayuse and the Molala language as the sole members.[5]
In 1910 or 1911, Stephens Savage, a Molala speaker, had told Leo Frachtenberg that the following five words were identical in both Cayuse and Molala:[6]
sorrel horse qasqasi tasiwitkwi spotted horse yuꞏk tasiwitkwi black horse múkimuki tasiwitkwi comb taꞏsps spoon ƚúꞏpinc
In 1929 Edward Sapir grouped Cayuse with Molala as part of the Waiilatpuan branch of the Plateau Penutian languages.[7]
Bruce Rigsby reexamined the Cayuse-Molala lexical pairs provided by Hale in 1969 and found only a tenth to be potentially related terms. Whitman was credited as the origin of the Waiilatpuan linguistic family. The words presented by Savage were concluded by Rigsby to likely be loanwords. Upon his review of extant Molala and Cayuse linguistic data, Rigsby concluded "I do not see how the two languages could have possibly been mutually intelligible."[8]
Pronouns[edit]
Cayuse pronouns listed by Hale:[6]
I iniŋ you (sg.) nikí you (du.) nkímiš he nip we námək you (pl.) mkímiš they nípik
Cayuse pronouns listed by McBean:[6]
I in ning you (sg., pl.) in kai he neepe we nung naw naw they cap pick
Verbs[edit]
Cayuse verb paradigms documented by Henry W. Henshaw:[6]
- 'hungry'
I am hungry. wi-tu-tŭnt I was hungry. kler-ka-wĭ-tu-tŭnt I will be hungry. wí-tu-näk-sŭnt You and I are hungry. swi-tu-ter-yìk You and I were hungry. swi-tu-te-lì-kai-ĭk You and I will be hungry. nĭng-i-li-pʔl-swi-tu-nak-stunk-a-wak You are hungry. tu-swi-tu-tuñg-a You were hungry. swi-tu-til-kutla You will be hungry. swi-tu-nak-stung-at-la
- 'thirsty'
I am thirsty. nĭs-ka-mu-tiñg I was thirsty. nĭs-ka-mu-til I will be thirsty. nĭs-ka-mu-näk-skĭn You are thirsty. tu-mĭs-ka-mu-tĭñg You were thirsty. mĭs-ka-mu-til-hă You will be thirsty. mĭs-ka-mu-na-stĭnk-la
Vocabulary[edit]
Limited lexical items in Cayuse have been collected by Rigsby, Melville Jacobs, Verne Ray, and Theodore Stern. Their Cayuse informants had highly limited knowledge of the language and were more fluent in either Sahaptin or Nez Perce.
Hale[edit]
A word list of Cayuse with nearby 200 lexical items was documented by Hale.[9] The word list has been reproduced below.
Nouns[edit]
gloss Cayuse man yúant woman pintχlkaíu; watχlóa boy láutlaŋ girl staítχləŋ; staítlaŋ infant; child skútχla father pintét; títʃa mother penín; nínʃa husband ináiu wife inχlkaío son wái daughter wái brother pnákən; pənátaŋ sister pənátiaŋ; pənwaíəq Indian; people - head talʃ; táəlʃ hair tχlókomot face léequkʃ forehead penátχliʃ ear takʃ eye hăkaməʃ nose pitχlóken mouth səmqakʃ tongue puʃ teeth tenif beard ʃimkéməʃ neck yet arm tiélaq hand épip fingers épip nails ʃíŋiʃ body ʃilăməʃ leg maúwət foot tiʃ toes tiyəyáu bone pápət heart - blood tiwéə̈ʃ town; village - chief iatóiaŋ warrior lotéwa friend enlápoit house niʃt kettle tχlípaniʃ bow hífoit arrow lalχ axe; hatchet yeŋgókinʃ knife ʃekt canoe; boat tχláap shoes täítχlo pipe iptnχlónʃ tobacco hanʃ sky; heaven ndjălawaía, tíŋpap sun huéwiʃ moon hátχltóp star tχlítχliʃ day ewéiə̈ night ftalp light notawásim darkness ʃilímtiŋk morning tétχlpəna evening wəχaía spring ʃuatoluŋátntiŋ; kiátim summer ʃqáätim autumn təŋ winter wit wind húntilχp thunder tiŋtululutéʃin lightning ʃniktawíŋtiŋ rain tiʃtkitχlmítiŋ snow pói hail puŋiós fire tetʃ water iʃkáiniʃ ice tók earth; land liŋʃ sea yamué-iʃkaíniʃ river luʃmi lake fuŋʃ valley paniákp hill; mountain téit island liŋtkaíli stone ápit salt kamtiʃímpen iron qauqauítχliínik tree laúik wood hútiʃ leaf qaisós bark pétimi grass tχleft; qə́ïʃt pine laúikʃ flesh; meat pítχli dog náapaŋ buffalo - bear liméakʃ; nokoláo wolf tχlaíu; tsóilaχs deer aitχléwa elk yútiŋʃ beaver pīeká tortoise atsík fly tqaínʃiʃ; katχlísaŋ mosquito píŋkii snake waíimaʃ bird tianíyiwa egg lópitχl feathers tiaqaímutχl wings haŋ duck əʃimtχl pigeon súuku fish wiaíiʃ salmon milóqli sturgeon - name peʃp affection atíŋp; tiʃktaʃewetáuŋko
Adjectives[edit]
gloss Cayuse white tχlaktχláko black ʃkupʃkúpu red lakaítlakaítu blue yotsyóts yellow qəʃqə́ʃu green yotsyóts great yaúmua; yiyímu (pl.) small etsáŋua strong ntáloa; naantáloa old kuiátsu young itsáŋu good suaíu; sasuáiu (pl.) bad luastu; laluástu (pl.) handsome hapútsu; suaíu ugly huástu alive wióko dead úwaa cold ʃúŋa warm lokóia
Pronouns[edit]
gloss Cayuse I íniŋ thou nikí he nip we námək ye mkímiʃ; nkímiʃ (dual) they nípik this qe, qă, ke that qá, ká all naŋináo many (much) yíphea who iʃ
Adverbs and others[edit]
gloss Cayuse near piáfi today páməŋ yesterday iétin tomorrow tetχlp yes i no téehu
Numerals[edit]
gloss Cayuse one na two lépli three mátnin four pípiŋ five táwit six nōiná seven nóilip eight nōimát nine tanáuiaiʃímʃim ten niŋítelp eleven nántetχle twelve leplin-ntétχle twenty lépuik thirty mátuík one hundred niŋítalpuík one thousand -
Verbs[edit]
gloss Cayuse to eat pitáŋa to drink pasqunstáŋa to run pqíntuql to dance iókseak to sing tuŋséaql to sleep ʃpíʃiŋql to speak úlipkin to see miskaléntənt to love ktáʃo to kill piaíitχltiŋ to sit ifníql; ifníkta to stand laútsiŋ to go wintúkstaŋa; wintúql (imp.) to come wintúkum
References[edit]
- ^ Aoki 1998.
- ^ Cayuse at MultiTree on the Linguist List
- ^ UNESCO 2010, p. 11.
- ^ Hale 1846, p. 542.
- ^ Hale 1846, p. 561.
- ^ a b c d Rigsby 1969.
- ^ Sapir 1929.
- ^ Rigsby 1969, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Hale 1846, pp. 570–629.
Bibliography[edit]
- Aoki, Haruo (1998). A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others. Mission, OR: Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
- Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: C. Sherman – via Internet Archive.
- Rigsby, Bruce (Spring 1969). Sprague, Roderick; Goss, James A. (eds.). "The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability". Journal of Northwest Anthropology. 3 (1): 68–146 – via Google Books.
- Sapir, Edward (1929). "Central and South American Languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 5 (14th ed.). pp. 138–141.
- Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010.
External links[edit]
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