Legality of Cannabis by U.S. Jurisdiction

Abaza Family (Arabic: عائلة أباظة)
абаза
Noble family
CountryEgypt
EtymologyAbaza people and Abaza language
Place of originAbazinia, or Karachay-Cherkessia, Abkhazia (maternal) and Egypt (paternal)
Foundedc.1700-1750
FounderAbaza (ethnonym of matriarch), Sheikh of the Arabs Hassan Pasha Abaza (modern founding father)
Historic seatSharqia and Nile Delta
TitlesPasha, Bek or Bey, Hanim, Hanum or Khanum, Effendi, Sheikh of the Arabs, Sheikh, Nizar Qism, other noble and governmental titles
Style(s)Sahib-ul-Ma'ali or Sahibat-ul-Ma'ali. Sahib-ul-Sa'ada or Sahibat-ul-Sa'ada. Other styles.
Connected familiesal-Ayedi العايدي or al-Ayed العائد
DistinctionsHad the most nobles in Egypt outside the former Royal Court with substantial influence on Egyptian culture, Arabic literature, and the politics and history of Egypt. The largest Circassian clan in Egypt, the sole Abazin presence, and the largest family in Sharqia.
Estate(s)Ezbet Abaza, Ezbet Ahmed Pasha Abaza, Ezbet Ateya Abaza, Ezbet Desouky Abaza, Ezbet Boghdady Abaza, Izbat al Abaziyyah, Ezbet Ismail Abaza, other villages in Sharqia (main historical stronghold), villages in Beheira, Dakahlia, and Kafr Abaza, Minya al-Qamh, Teleen, and Amreet. Other villages and 'ezbas' in Nile Delta.

The Abaza Family (Abaza language: абаза, Arabic: الأسرة الأباظية, عائلة أباظة, or آل أباظة, Egyptian Arabic: عيلة أباظة, Coptic: ⲁⲃⲁⲍⲁ, aliases: the House of Abaza, البيت الأباظي) is an Egyptian aristocratic family of maternal Abazin Circassian origin.[1][2][3]

"Deeply rooted in Egyptian society... [and] in the history of the country", it has had an influence from the late 18th century to modern times.[4][5]

It is known for producing literary and cultural figures, nobles, officials, technocrats, governors, and politicians under the Muhammad Ali dynasty in the 19th and early 20th century and during the republican period in the 20th and 21st centuries.[6]

They are sometimes referred to as "the family of the pashas" for having produced Egypt's largest number of nobles.[6][7][8][9]

In the 20th and 21st centuries, it became a household name in Egypt and the Arab world.[10][11]

The family's impact on Egyptian and Arabic culture, literature, academia, and art has been substantial.[10][12] Their contributions were through the works of authors, journalists, and activists Ismail Pasha Abaza and Fekry Pasha Abaza,[13] author Desouky Bey Abaza,[14] poet Aziz Pasha Abaza,[15] novelist Tharwat Abaza, sociologist Mona Abaza,[16] actors Rushdy Abaza, Momtaz Abaza, Ahmed Abaza, and Ingy Abaza, directors Othman Abaza and Taher Abaza, among others.[17][18][19][20]

Although widely celebrated for its cultural, intellectual, and historical contributions, on occasion the family has been criticized for "monopolizing" several parliamentary districts since the 19th century "reign of Muhammad Ali".[21][9]

They are thought to number in the many thousands, with sources varying in their estimates.[22][23][24] However, these numbers are thought to be highly unreliable as no local censuses of Circassian communities exist due to a general "lack in demographic data on minorities in Egypt".[25]

Overview, origin, and name[edit]

Sources indicate that the Abaza family was well established in the Nile Delta by the late 18th century especially in their stronghold, Sharqia.[3]

They were named after "a beloved grandmother ... or her place of birth". This maternal ancestor married the head of the powerful al-Ayed family before the reign of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, (also spelled 'al-Aydeh', Arabic:العائد, Egyptian Arabic: العايدي).[3]

Abaza Family Elders outside one of their Sharqia residences

The "marriage was during the reign of the Circassian" Mamluks[26] and "under Ottoman rule".[27]

Note that under Ottoman rule Circassian Mamluks continued to act as governors of the country until Muhammad Ali's rise to power meaning that the marriage could have taken place both under Ottoman rule and Mamluk governance.

David E. Millis writes that the al-Ayed/Aydeh clan trace "their origin back to the Yemenese contingents of the initial Islamic conquerors of Egypt [639-642 AD]... [and] the ancient tribal confederation of Judham". Ibn Khaldun wrote that Banu Judham originate from Kahlan.[28][29] Historian al-Maqrizi agrees that al-Ayed/Aydeh descend from Banu Judham.[27]

The Abaza family itself had "long-established economic and political clout in Egypt".[30][31]

Map of the pre-genocide distribution of Abazins in the North Caucasus and modern Abaza district. Probable origin of the family's matriarch who was in Egypt before the Circassian genocide

With time, people started to "distinguish between Awlad al-Aydeh [Children of al-Aydeh] and Awlad al-Abazyya [Children of the Abaza Lady]" and her eldest son began to be called "Ibn al-Abazyya [Son of the Abaza Lady]". This was "the beginning of the split between the two groups" into two distinct families or clans.[32][28]

Thus, the initial matriarchal founder of the family is only known as 'Abaza', and her personal name is lost to history. It is rare but not unknown for a Muslim family to be named after a woman but the family's name fits with Muslim practices of naming people and families after places of origin or ethnicities.[33][34]

It is an example of a laqab,[1] a type of Arabic name, and of an ethnonym, the name of a people or ethnic group.

The non-Abaza patriarch who married the Abazin matriarch was named 'Sheikh Muhammed el-Ayedi' (Egyptian Arabic: الشيخ محمد العايدي).[1]

Abazas in Egypt are "virtually all descendants" of 19th century figures like Shiekh of the Arabs Hassan Pasha Abaza and his brother 'Shiekh Boghdady Pasha Abaza' and "they maybe considered as constituting one family".[35]

However, we should caution that with large and old multi-generational groups it is difficult to be certain about the existence of, or to rule out, undocumented or under documented branches that may descend from lesser-known figures.

Rise and history[edit]

Aziz Pasha Abaza, poet and governor of Al Qalyoubiya, Faiyum and the Suez Canal Zone

Reuven Aharonia reports that despite the "centralized nature of Muhammed Ali's regime", the integration of local elites in the state's administration was part of his governing policy. The provincial elites were "given lands" integrating the new system with existing "local interests" and "one instance of this" was the Abaza family.[36]

Hassan Pasha Abaza is widely considered to be the modern founding father of the family due to heading the family at the time of their modern ascendance. He was called Sheikh of the Arabs.[27]

Relatively rare in this exalted long-form, it derives from the ancient honorific title 'Sheikh' given to a variety of people including the heads of sufficiently influential families or tribes regardless of ethnic origin.[37]

As mentioned above, Hassan Pasha Abaza was also the Shiekh el Balad (Sheikh of the Town/Province/Country or "chief of the city") of the province of Sharqia.[38][39][40] Although within the family it is traditionally narrated that Sayed Pasha Abaza was their first Pasha, it has been documented in books on the history of Egypt in this period (such as Sayyid-Marsott, 1984) that both Shiekh of the Arabs Hassan Abaza and Sheikh Boghdady Abaza received the title earlier.[3]

Hassan Pasha and his brother, Sheikh Boghdady Pasha Abaza, served in Ibrahim Pasha's Majlis making the Abazas the only family to hold two seats at the same time and starting their tradition as a parliamentary dynasty.[3]

The monarchy allowed in certain instances elites "bequeath their posts to their sons". For example, al-Sayed Pasha Abaza "inherited the position of nizar qism from "his father Hassan Abaza".[41]

It endowed the family with more villages and lands allowing the Abazas to flourish.[3]

Their lands extended beyond their Sharqia stronghold to the Beheira Governate. For example, "Sayed Pasha Abaza mudir [governor] of Beheira Province left some 6,000 feddan....in 1875-1876" to his descendants.[35]

Their influence further extended to the Nile Delta provinces of Al-Qalyubia, Monufia, and Dakahlia.[27]

It has been argued that Ismail Pasha Abaza was a precursor and "rehearsal" for Ahmed Urabi, the revolutionary Egyptian 'national hero', due to his "[having] the first positive and effective political role [in anti-occupation politics] ...[with] great importance and relevance to the burgeoning national movement" and by having influential and "good relations with Khedive Abbas Helmi" of Egypt.[13] This was also documented in the memoirs of Ahmed Urabi Pasha.[42]

Additionally, Ismail Pasha Abaza "believed he could secure national rights" through negotiation with the British and went to England to attempt this.[13]

Fekry Pasha Abaza, known as the 'Shiekh of Journalism' and head of the Journalists' Syndicate[43]

A famous display of their clout was during the accession of the young King Farouk, when the Abaza family "solicited palace authorities to permit the royal train to stop briefly at one of their villages", so that "the king could partake in refreshments which were offered in a large, magnificently ornamented tent they had erected at the train station".[44][45]

After the 1952 removal of King Farouk of Egypt, several Abazas lost feudal lands following the Egyptian land reform.[46]

The family is not associated with a single political stance as in the early 20th century it decided to allow all members to hold any political position and run for office with any party with the caveat that "no two Abazas [can] run against each other".[1]

During the CBC Two program where this was discussed, it was also clarified that in the rare cases where two Abazas ran in an election against each other the apparent rule is "to put all support behind the stronger [candidate]" and that "no other rules exist".[1]

This led to situations where one Abaza was a minister in the governing regime and another was the opposition leader (see below).

Anti-feudal and anti-classist politics also exists within the family. Perhaps the most thorough example is a book by Mona Abaza, a prominent Egyptian sociologist.[47][48] In her lengthy scholarly ethnographic study of her family's feudal estate she is explicit about her experience of how ordinary farmers treated members of the family writing critically that she was "astonish[ed] at ...[a] peasant’s extraordinarily subservient behavior to a fifteen-year-old girl... no peasant in older times was allowed to stare at the ladies of the da’ira [the estate], or even to confront them face to face... all the ladies of the da’ira had to be addressed in the masculine as a sign of their superiority."[49]

The family had its own football team competing with Egypt's major clubs in the early half of the 20th century and its own journal.[50] Their most famous wins were covered in English media in 1916 and 1917 with two reported wins against Qatar.[24]

Contemporary period[edit]

The family has had members in almost every Egyptian parliament, mostly in Sharqia districts, their historical stronghold. A famous 21st-century election included the family's 2005 winning challenge to Gamal Mubarak's and the Mubarak regime's candidate in a Sharqia district with the former New Wafd Party opposition leader Mahmoud Abaza.[51][52][53]

Family members also regularly feature in Egyptian cabinets and hold minister, deputy minister, assistant minister and other government and technocratic positions in state institutions. As mentioned above, Amin Abaza was a minister at the same time Mahmoud Abaza was the leader of the official opposition during the final Hosni Mubarak government. The family has also held governorships many times in both the monarchical and current periods, especially in the Nile delta.[54][55][52][56]

Some Egyptian media in the 21st century have referred to them as one of the "families that rule the country" due to the number of politicians, officials, and members of parliament it produced, and as one of the families that "inherited parliament".[57][58]

In the 2015 parliamentary elections, three members of the Abaza family won seats in the House of Representatives and this was criticized by some in the media referring to their win as "dynastic heredity". For decades, the family had a political monopoly over several districts. In modern times media has critically remarked that "no parliamentary elections since the reign of Muhammed Ali was free of the Abazas".[57][51][59]

As of 2024, General Hani Deri Abaza, Ahmed Fuad Abaza, and Vadji Hussain Abaza are members of the Egyptian House of Representatives.[60] In addition, Yousra Fuad Abaza is a member of the Egyptian Senate.[61]

Many villages in the Nile Delta are named after members of the family. At least one city square in Zagazig and another in Cairo are named 'Abaza'. Roads and institutions in the country are named after members of the family including at least one street and one government school named after Aziz Pasha Abaza and streets named after other family members, for example, Ismail Pasha Abaza.[13] In addition, numerous 'ezbas' (farming estates and villages) in the Sharqia Governorate and other Nile Delta provinces are named after family members.[62][63]

Forbes lists Hussein Abaza as one of the top Arab CEOs in the world, for heading the Commercial International Bank.[64]

Another family member, Hussein Mohammed Abaza serves as an international consultant for sustainable development and green economy in the Egyptian government and as an advisor to the Minister of the Environment.[65] He also is a member of the government's National Initiative for Green Projects.[66]

In 2014, the family sued Sada Elbalad TV for the creation of a children's cartoon named 'Abaza', and the program was forced off the air.[67] In the same year Egyptian satellite channel CBC Two aired a one-hour documentary about the family.[68]

Abaza marriages into other aristocratic families and other elite non-aristocratic Egyptian families are common. Two notable instances of this in modern times include marriages with the families of individuals in high government office such as former intelligence chief and Vice President of Egypt Omar Suleiman and former Public Prosecutor Abd-al-Mageed Mahmoud, who were both in office during a period of major historical change, the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, and for the latter, also after the revolution and during the Mohamed Morsi regime. Modern notable examples of marriages into fellow aristocratic families include the Marcus Pasha Simaika family, the Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha family, the Prince Mahmoud al-Yazgi family, the Serag el-Din family, among many others.[69][70][71][72][73]

A lentil dish attributed to the family is known in the country as "'ads abazy" (Arabic: عدس أباظي).[74]

They are also known for producing many CEOs and owners of businesses and corporations.[24]

Their combined wealth is unknown, but it is reasonable to assume a wide variety of levels of affluence in such large groups.

Notable members[edit]

The family features a substantial number of famous or influential members and thus this section will keep to a few examples.[75][6][2]

Rushdy Abaza, the clan's most famous member
  • Rushdy Saiid Bughdadi Abaza (1926 -1980), an actor "widely considered one of the greatest names in the history of Arab cinema", with no less than 150 movies to his name.[22] At that time, "[acting] was not allowed in such an aristocratic family...and his father and the entire Abaza family strongly objected ...[but] he insisted." He is the best known family member and a household name in the Arab world.[6][79][80]
  • Maher Abaza (1930–2007), the longest-serving minister in Egyptian history. As the Minister of Electricity and Energy, he was credited with connecting the vast majority of the country's rural areas to the electric grid. After leaving the ministry he became a member of the Egyptian Parliament.[17]
  • Wagih Abaza (1917–2004), a member of the Free Officers Movement, that toppled King Farouk in 1952. He later became governor of four provinces including the capital Cairo, Sharqia, Beheira, and Gharbia, and a prominent businessman. He is also known as the pilot who dropped the "first Egyptian bomb on Tel-Aviv" in the 1948 war with Israel and was well known for marrying the famed actress Leila Mourad.[81][82][83]
  • Mona Abaza (1959–2021), one of Egypt's most prominent sociologists, whose research interests "ranged from women in rural Egypt, the relation between Islam and the West, urban consumer culture, to Egyptian painting and the Arab Spring".[48]

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Kilani, Nashwa Abd Alqader (2016). عائلة أباظة فى مصر " الدور الأقتصادى – الاجتماعى – السياسى 1952-1891 – دراسة في دور العائلات المصرية فى المجتمع المصرى " [The Abaza Family In Egypt 'The Economic - Social - Political Role (1891–1952) - A Study Of The Role Of Egyptian Families In Egyptian Society' (in Arabic). مركز المحروسة للنشر والخدمات الصحفية والمعلومات. ISBN 978-977-313-601-7
  • Springborg, Robert (11 November 2016). Family, Power, and Politics in Egypt: Sayed Bey Mare--His Clan, Clients, and Cohorts. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-1-5128-0754-7.
  • Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-229-8.
  • Aharoni, Reuven (12 March 2007). The Pasha's Bedouin: Tribes and State in the Egypt of Mehemet Ali, 1805-1848. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26821-4
  • Hunter, F. Robert (1999). Egypt Under the Khedives, 1805-1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy. American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-424-544-2
  • Abaza, Mona (2013). The Cotton Plantation Remembered: An Egyptian Family Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-571-9
  • Egyptian Royalty: Abaza Family, Fekry Abaza. General Books. ISBN 978-1-157-82380-3
  • Blattner, Elwyn James; Blattner, James Elwyn (1959). Who's who in Egypt and the Middle East. Paul Barbey Press.
  • Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (12 January 1984). Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-521-28968-9. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  • أباظة, عفاف عزيز (24 May 2021). زوجي ثروت أباظة (in Arabic). Hindawi Foundation. ISBN 978-1-5273-1839-7.
  • Imām, ʻAbd Allāh (1995). وجيه أباظة: صفحات من النضال الوطني (in Arabic). د.ن.،.
  • ʻAṭṭār, Salwá (1989). التغييرات الاجتماعية فى عهد محمد على (in Arabic). دار النهضة العربية. ISBN 978-977-04-0454-6.
  • اباظة, عفاف عزيز (1974). ابى عزيز اباظة (in Arabic). Kotobarabia.com.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_family